Pezani Ntchito mu Sayansi ya Forensic

by Timothy Roufa

Zosankha Zowonjezereka mu Zomwe Zimatsimikiziridwa

Kotero inu mwangomaliza kuyang'ana gawo la Mitsinje kapena CSI ndipo tsopano mukudabwa momwe mungalowerere muzochitika za sayansi ya zamankhwala. Kapena, bwino komabe, mwakhala mukulakalaka kuthetsa mavuto ndi chikondi cha sayansi ya chilengedwe ndi njira ya sayansi, ndipo mukufuna kupeza njira yogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso cholimbana ndi kuthetsa zolakwa. Ngati izi zikukufotokozerani, ndiye kuti ntchito yokhudza sayansi ya zaumoyo idzakhala ntchito yopanga ziphuphu .

Mawu akuti " sayansi ya zamankhwala " sakunena udindo wapadera wa ntchito, koma amakhala ndi zofunikira zamasayansi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito luso lawo ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito pa mafunso alamulo. Ndipotu, "forensics" kumangotanthauza "zokhudzana ndi mafunso alamulo," kotero kuti pafupifupi chilango chilichonse chikhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi "chipani chalamulo" ngati chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa umbanda kapena makhoti.

Ndizo uthenga wabwino chifukwa paliponse pamene mukufuna, mumakhala chilango chomwe chimakukhudzani. Pofuna kukuthandizani kumvetsetsa kuti pali mitundu yanji yamapadera, palinso mndandanda wa ntchito za sayansi zodziwika bwino komanso zosangalatsa.

01 Wofufuza za Sayansi Za Zafukufuku

Othandizira sayansi ya sayansi ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito masewera a sayansi ya sayansi. Amathandizira kusonkhanitsa umboni, kufufuza khalidwe ndi kuthandizira kufufuza zochitika zachiwawa. Kawirikawiri amatchedwa akatswiri a zochitika zachiwawa kapena akatswiri ofufuza milandu, akatswiri a sayansi ya sayansi amachititsa ntchito zawo zambiri pa malo kapena mu labotale. Iwo ali ophunzitsidwa bwino mu umboni wosonkhanitsa ndipo ndithudi ali ndi diso la tsatanetsatane. Iwo angaperekenso thandizo kwa asayansi ena a zamankhwala ndipo angakhale ngati kulumikizana kwa akatswiri ena. Akatswiri aza sayansi amatha kupeza pakati pa $ 32,000 ndi $ 83,000 pachaka.

02 Bloodstain Pattern Analyst

Ovomerezedwa ndi ailesi yakanema a Dexter , akatswiri a kafukufuku wamagazi amachititsa zomwe alemba ntchitozo akunena: Iwo amafufuza njira m'magazi kuti athandize kupeza zofunikira zokhudzana ndi milandu yosiyanasiyana. Kawirikawiri amatchulidwa kuti akatswiri owaza mwazi, akatswiri a kafukufuku wamagazi ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamankhwala omwe amadziwika pazithunzi zachiwawa. Kupyolera mukuyesa kuyendayenda, kutayira, spatters ndi madontho, amatha kudziwa mtundu wa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kaya zimakhala zolimbana kapena zolimbana, zoyendetsa ulendo wa munthu wozunzidwa kapena wodandaula, yemwe anali woyamba kugwilitsila nchito komanso ngati analibe zilonda kudzipangitsa. Mofanana ndi akatswiri ena a sayansi ya sayansi, akatswiri a kafukufuku wa magazi akhoza kupeza pakati pa $ 32,000 ndi $ 83,000 pachaka.

03 Forensic Ballistics Katswiri

Njano / Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons

Ofufuza akafuna kuthandizira kubwezera mfuti kapena kudziwa mtundu wa mfuti yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, amapempha akatswiri a zamankhwala. Akatswiriwa m'zinthu zonse zokhudzana ndi mfuti zimapereka zofunikira kwambiri pa zochitika zovuta, kuthandiza ofufuza kuti azindikire njira zomwe zimathamangitsidwa kuti zikapeze maziko. Akatswiri ofufuza zamatsenga amatha kuzindikira mtundu wa zipolopolo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha komanso kumene zinapangidwa. Akhozanso kufufuza ngati mfuti imathamangidwanso posachedwa komanso ngati mfuti inayake inachotsedwa kapena ayi. Akatswiri a zida zankhondo amatha kupeza ndalama zokwana madola 30,000 ndi $ 80,000 pachaka.

04 Zafukufuku DNA Analyst

James Tourtellotte / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain

Kufufuza kwa Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) kukupeza kutchuka kwambiri mu chigawenga ndi sayansi ya zamankhwala. Chifukwa chakuti DNA imakhala ndi ma coding omwe amachititsa ife, chabwino, ife, timakhulupirira kuti timatha kupereka chizindikiro chodziwika bwino monga momwe tingathere, cholondola kwambiri kuposa zolemba zala. Ofufuza a DNA amayerekezera zomwe DNA inatengedwa kuchokera kwa anthu omwe akukayikira ndi ozunzidwa kuti adziwe ngati alipo kapena alipo wina pazochitika zachiwawa, kaya akukumana ndi chiwawa ndi wina aliyense ngati alipo. Ofufuza a DNA angathenso kulinganitsa zitsanzo zosadziwika kuti zidziwike kuti zidziwika bwino. Ofufuza a DNA angathe kuyembekezera kupeza ndalama pakati pa $ 30,000 ndi $ 80,000 pachaka.

Ophunzira a Polygraph

Ngakhale kuti polygraphs sakhala ovomerezeka m'khoti, kufufuza kwa polygraph kumakhalabe chida chothandizira kuthetsa milandu ndikuzindikira chinyengo kwa anthu omwe akukayikira ndi mboni. Ofufuza a polygraph amaphunzitsidwa bwino kuti azichita mayeso pogwiritsa ntchito "bodza lamatsenga" ndikupereka zotsatira za zotsatira. Ofufuza a polygraph amaphunzitsidwa nthawi yaitali kuti adziwe luso lawo, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zapakhomo za ogwira ntchito zalamulo. Ofufuza a polygraph angagwire ntchito kwa mabungwe oweruza milandu kapena monga makontrakitala apadera, ndipo ntchito zawo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito oyenerera pa ntchito zambiri zovuta. Pafupipafupi, oyeza mayina a polygraph akhoza kupeza madola pafupifupi 56,00 pachaka.

06 Zafukufuku Za Documents Examiner

Kufufuza - kapena kukafunsidwa - zolemba zikalata zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza zitsanzo za kulemba, kupeza chiyambi cha malemba ndi kupeza chinyengo. Amagwiritsira ntchito luso lawo kuti azindikire zochitika zogulitsa, zofufuza, zolemba mabanki ndi zolemba zina ndi zolemba zamagetsi. Angathenso kudziwa momwe siginecha ikugwiritsiridwa ntchito pofufuza ndondomeko ya zolembera ndi kupeza nthawi yoyenera ya chikalata. Maofesayesa owonetsa zamatsenga akuyenera kuphunzitsidwa kuti aphunzire malonda, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi makampani osungira ndalama kapena mabungwe a boma. Kawirikawiri, zikalata zofufuza zamakono zimathandizira milandu ya "kolala" ndipo zimagwira ntchito ndi akatswiri a digito ndi owerengera ndalama zamalonda. Misonkho ndi kupeza ndalama za zolemba zomwe akatswiri angapange zimasiyana malinga ndi abwana ndi luso la luso.

07 Digital Opaleshoni Yamakono ndi Ofufuza Amakono Opanga Ma PC

jon crel / Flickr / Creative Commons Attribution 2.0

Tsopano kuposa kale lonse, zamankhwala zamakono ndi makompyuta akukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri komanso lofunika kwambiri. Pamene tikugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi zipangizo zamagetsi zambiri, ochita zigawenga akusiya zizindikiro zambiri ndi zolemba zapadera. Kuphatikizanso apo, umbanda waumphawi ndi vuto lalikulu, komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ana komanso mitundu ina yofanana ya khalidwe lachigawenga lomwe lapeza nyumba pa intaneti. Ofufuza zamakono opanga ma kompyuta akuphunzitsidwa kusonkhanitsa deta kumalo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka ndi kupukuta ma drive, mafoni, mapiritsi ndi zina zamagetsi. Umboni wamakina omwe amavumbulutsa ukhoza kukhala wofunikira poimbidwa mlandu woweruza milandu. Ofufuza zamakono opanga makompyuta angagwiritse ntchito mabungwe ogwira ntchito zalamulo kapena pazifukwa, ndipo zomwe angathe kupeza zimakhala zazikulu chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa zofunikira.

08 Wogwiritsira ntchito zachipatala

CAMIOKC / Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons

Agiriki akale anali oyamba kuzindikira zozizwitsa zosiyanasiyana za poizoni, ndipo anali anthu oyamba kudziwika kuti akupha poizoni chifukwa cha luso limeneli. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, munda wa toxicology wapanga ndipo unasintha kwambiri. Masiku ano, akatswiri a zachipatala amathandiza ofufuza kuti adziwe kuti zimayambitsa imfa kuti ziphatikepo poizoni, mankhwala, ndi zinthu zoledzeretsa. Amathandizira kuimbidwa mlandu kwa abambo a DUI ndi a DWI ndipo amatha kuona kupezeka kwa mankhwala kapena mowa mwawotheka kapena magazi. Kufuna akatswiri ophera tizilombo ayenera kumvetsetsa bwino zamagetsi, biology kapena makamaka onse, komanso kudziwa zamagetsi.

09 Wofotokoza za Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti iwo anali odziwika bwino komanso odziwika bwino ndi zigawenga, ena mwa atsogoleri otchuka a magulu a United States adakhululukidwa chifukwa cha ndalama komanso kuphwanya malamulo. Olemba mabuku oyambirira otsogolera adawathandiza kuti apitirize kutsutsa zomwe Al Capone amakonda. Akatswiri olemba zamalonda amadziwika kwambiri pazochita zachuma ndipo amaphunzitsidwa kutsatira njira ya ndalama. Milandu yoyera ikuwonjezeka , olemba zamalamulo akugwira ntchito pofuna kufalitsa udani komanso kuthandiza kuteteza ma akaunti athu a banki. Olemba nkhani zamalonda amathandizanso makhoti pakuwona mphotho ndi kuwonongeka ndikuzindikira ndikufufuza za ndalama zauchigawenga. Olemba nkhani zamalonda akhoza kupeza ndalama zoposa $ 100,000 pa chaka ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi digiri ya bachelor mu ndalama kapena ndalama.

Wolemba zamatsenga

Pp391 / Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons

Milandu yowopsya ndi milandu yozizira imapempha luso la munthu yemwe amadziwika bwino kuti adziwe zinyama. Pofufuza zida zowonongeka ndi zigoba, akatswiri a zaumulungu amatha kuzindikira zaka, kugonana ndi kulemera kwa wogwidwa, komanso mtundu wa kuvulala komwe iye analandira komanso zomwe zingayambitse imfa. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ku makoleji ndi mayunivesite ndipo amapereka chithandizo ku mabungwe ogwirira ntchito pazomwe akufunikira, mgwirizano. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zaumulungu nthawi zambiri amagwira digiri ya master kapena digiti ya sayansi mu chikhalidwe cha thupi ndipo akhoza kuyembekezera kupeza ndalama pakati pa $ 70,000 ndi $ 80,000 pachaka.

11 Ofufuza zachipatala Odontologist

Cpl. James P. Johnson, US Army / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain

Pali nthawi imene kudziwika kwa DNA sikungatheke, ndipo kusanthula chala chaching'ono sikutheka. Pamene zochitika zowopsya makamaka zikuchitika, kapena panthawi ya zowawa zambiri, odontologists amatha kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe apadera omwe tonsefe tikuyenera kudziwa kuti anthu alipo. Iwo amathanso kufufuza zizindikiro za kuluma ndi kuwayerekeza ndi zitsanzo kuti athandize kuzindikira ozunzidwa ndi okayikira, komanso othandizira, kuwunikira ngati kuvulazidwa kumateteza kapena kukhumudwitsa. Opaleshoni ya opaleshoni ya opaleshoni imakhala ndi madokotala a opaleshoni ya menyo kapena mankhwala a mano ndipo kawirikawiri amagwiritsa ntchito mano opangira ma mano komanso amachita maulendo oyenerera opaleshoni kuphatikizapo machitidwe awo a mano. Othandizira odabwitsa amatha kupeza ndalama zoposa $ 100,000 pachaka.

Wolemba zamankhwala

Ofufuza zamaganizo amapereka chithandizo ndi kulingalira kwa pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya ndondomeko yolungamitsa milandu. Kuchokera ku khoti lopempha uphungu ku ndende, akatswiri a zamaganizo amapanga ntchito zofunika pakukonzekera, makhoti ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Amafufuzira milandu yokhuza nkhanza za ana, kufufuza ozunzidwa, mboni ndi anthu omwe akukayikira kuti ali oyenerera komanso oyenerera, ndikuthandizira oweruza kudziwa ngati munthu wodandaula akhoza kuweruzidwa. Akatswiri a zamaganizo amachitanso ntchito yofunika yofufuza momwe anthu angagwiritsire ntchito malamulo pamsonkhanowu. Pafupipafupi, akatswiri a zamaganizo amatha kupeza madola 57,000 pachaka, koma malipiro amasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi msinkhu wa maphunziro, luso, ndi abwana.

13 Ofufuza zachipatala

Linda Bartlett / National Cancer Institute / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain

Ofufuza zachipatala amapereka chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa kufufuza kwa munthu aliyense: chifukwa cha imfa. Odziŵika kuti ndi oyeza zachipatala, akatswiri a zachipatala amagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro awo a zachipatala kuti azindikire kuti ndi oopsa ati, omwe ali oopsa. Angathandizenso ofufuza kuti aphunzire mtundu wa chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso nthawi yomwe wodwalayo anafa. Pozindikira chomwe chimayambitsa imfa, odwala matendawa amathandiza kwambiri kuti aphunzire ngati palibe chigawenga chomwe chachitikapo, kuyambira pomwepo. Ofufuza zachipatala ndi madokotala ndipo angathe kupeza ndalama zoposa $ 200,000 pachaka.