Ndicho chifukwa chake, sichikuwerengedwa kuti ndi "umbanda" kuti ukhale wochedwa kuntchito kuntchito yako, koma ndi "chilango" chochedwa kuchedwa kugwira ntchito ku Msilikali (kuphwanya Chigamulo 86 cha Malamulo Ofanana a Chilungamo Chake , kapena UCMJ).
Mtsogoleri wa asilikali ali ndi njira zingapo zothandizira kukonza bwino ndi kulangizidwa mu chigawochi, kuyambira muzitsulo zochepetsetsa monga uphungu wodalirika kapena wosalongosoka kwa General Court Martials, momwe munthu angathe kuweruzidwa kugwira ntchito mwakhama, kapena ngakhale kuphedwa .
Gawo 1 la nkhaniyi limapereka chiyambi cha Chigamulo cha Zachilungamo cha United States.
Nkhani zina zokhudzana ndi izi:
- Uphungu, Zipangizo, ndi Maphunziro Owonjezera . Uphungu ukhoza kukhala wamakhalidwe kapena wosalongosoka. Kungathenso kukhala mawu kapena kungathe kulembedwa. Zitha kukhala zabwino (pat kumbuyo) kapena zingathe kuwongolera. Chidzudzulo kapena chenjezo ndi "kufuula." Zitha kukhala mawu, kapena zikhoza kulembedwa. Zolemba ndi machenjezo omwe amalembedwa akhoza kupereka "mbiri," zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito potsutsa chilango cha pa Agalati 15, kapena kuwonongeka ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito. Maphunziro owonjezera sali ofanana ndi "ntchito zina" zomwe zimaperekedwa pansi pa Mutu 15. Ntchito zina zowonjezera ndi "chilango," kuwonjezera maphunziro si. Pofuna kukhala ovomerezeka, "kuwonjezera maphunziro" ayenera kumagwirizana ndi kusowa koyenera.
- Administrative Discharges . Kugonjetsedwa kwaboma kumapatsidwa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Kuwonetseratu kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito kungakhale kolemekezeka, kowonjezera (pansi pa ulemu), ndi ena kuposa ulemu.
- Mutu 15 . Amatchedwanso "chilango chopanda tsankho," kapena "Mast" (Mu Navy / Coast Guard, ndi Marines). Ili ndilo "kayendedwe ka khoti laling'ono" ndi mkulu woyendetsa milandu ndi woweruza milandu. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolakwa zazing'ono (zosalongosoka) pansi pa UCMJ. Chilango chovomerezeka n'choperewera ndi udindo wa mkulu ndi udindo wa woweruzidwa. Nthawi zambiri, munthu akhoza kukana chilango cha 15, ndikupempha chigamulo ndi bwalo la milandu m'malo mwake.
- Kudzikonda . Anthu amtunduwu amatetezedwa kuzinthu zopanda kudzidalira mwadzidzidzi ndi kusintha kwachisanu. Ankhondo amatetezedwanso, pamutu 31 wa UCMJ.
- Kukonzekera Kwaboma ndi Kufufuza Zakale . Asilikali alibe "bail" dongosolo. Koma, pali malamulo apadera omwe ayenera kutsatiridwa ngati wogwira usilikali atsekeredwa kumbuyo kwa milandu. Mutu 32 Kufufuzira kwapachiyambi ndikumenyana ndi asilikali a Jury.
- Milandu Yamilandu . Izi ndi "zazikulu". Pali mitundu itatu ya maukwati a khoti: Chidule, Chofunika, ndi Zachikhalidwe. Chikhulupiliro ndi Khoti Lalikulu kapena Lamukulu lingakhale " chikhulupiliro choipa ." Milandu Yamilandu ikhoza kupereka malipiro, kuchepetsa, "kulandira chilango," ndi nthawi ya ndende (pantchito yovuta). Akuluakulu a Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo angapangitse chilango cha imfa chifukwa cha zolakwa zina.
- Mutu 138 Zilakolako . UCMJ imapereka njira kwa asilikali kuti apereke chilakolako ngati "akulakwira" ndi woyang'anira wawo. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zida zamphamvu, koma zosagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ndondomeko ya chilungamo cha asilikali, kuti mamembala adziwe ufulu wawo.
Chilamulo cha Asilikali
Lamulo la milandu (chilungamo cha usilikali) ndilo nthambi ya malamulo yomwe imayang'anira gulu la asilikali.
Ndi chilango chonse kapena chilango cha chilengedwe ndipo, ku United States, chikuphatikizapo ndipo chikufanana ndi lamulo lachigawenga. Zomwe zimachokera zimakhala zambiri komanso zosiyana siyana, zomwe zinachititsa kuti United States ndi Malamulo ake apitirize. Komabe, popeza kudzera mwa Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, lamulo lathu loyamba lidayamba kukhalapo, lamulo laling'ono likhoza kuonedwa kuti ndilo buku loyamba la malamulo olamulira magulu athu. Mogwirizana ndi lamulo ladziko, palinso zina, zolembedwa ndi zosalembedwera, zomwe zikulamuliranso ankhondo: Lamulo lapadziko lonse linapereka lamulo la nkhondo ndi zochitika zambiri zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa asilikali; Congress inapereka ndondomeko yofanana ya chilungamo cha asilikali (UCMJ) ndi malamulo ena; Malamulo apamwamba, kuphatikizapo Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), malamulo othandizira; ntchito ndi miyambo ya asilikali ndi nkhondo; ndipo, potsiriza, kayendetsedwe ka khoti yapereka ndondomeko yake ya tsiku ndi tsiku kuti afotokoze malo amdima.
Zonsezi zimapanga lamulo lathu la usilikali.
Malamulo a US. Malamulo oyendetsedwa ndi malamulo a usilikali amachokera kuzinthu ziwiri: omwe amapereka mphamvu zina mu nthambi ya malamulo ndi omwe amapereka udindo wina ku nthambi yoyang'anira nthambi. Kuwonjezera apo, chisinthiko chachisanu chikuzindikira kuti zolakwa m'mabungwe ankhondo zidzachitidwa mogwirizana ndi lamulo la usilikali.
Mphamvu Zaperekedwa kwa Congress. Pansi pa Gawo 8 la Article I, Constitution ya US, Congress ikupatsidwa mphamvu kuti:
- kufotokozera ndi kulanga chilango cha malamulo a mayiko
- kulengeza nkhondo, kupatsa makalata ndi kubwezera, ndikupanga malamulo okhudzana ndi malo ndi madzi
- kulimbikitsa ndi kuthandizira ankhondo
- kupereka ndi kusunga nyanja
- apange malamulo kwa boma ndi malamulo a
- malo komanso asilikali
- perekani kuyitana asilikali
- Kukonzekera kukonzekera, kudziteteza, ndi kulangiza asilikali ndi kulamulira gawo lomwelo monga momwe angagwiritsidwire ntchito ku United States; ndi
- Kawirikawiri, apange malamulo onse omwe ali oyenerera ndi oyenerera kuthana nawo mphamvu zomwe zatchulidwazi ndi mphamvu zina zonse zogwirizana ndi Malamulo oyendetsera boma mu United States kapena mu dipatimenti iliyonse.
Ulamuliro Wotengedwa M'Purezidenti . Pansi pa lamulo ladziko, Purezidenti akutumikira monga Mtsogoleri wa Msilikali wa ku United States, ndipo atatumizidwa ku Utumiki wa Federal, Pulezidenti amatinso ngati Mtsogoleri wa Maboma osiyanasiyana. Malamulo oyendetsera dziko amathandizanso Pulezidenti, motsogoleredwa ndi Senate, kuti asankhe oyang'anira ntchito. Purezidenti amalamulira akuluakulu onse ndipo ali ndi udindo wowona kuti malamulo a dziko lino akutumikiridwa mokhulupirika.
Fifth Amendment . Muchisanu chachisanu, olemba malamulowa adziwa kuti milandu yomwe ikuchitika muzochitika za usilikali idzayendetsedwa mosiyana ndi milandu yomwe imakhala mumoyo waumphawi. Kusintha kwachisanu kumapereka, mwa mbali, kuti "palibe munthu amene adzayankhidwe kuti adzayankhire mlandu, kapena kupandukira kwachinyengo, kupatulapo pa mlandu wapamwamba wa a Jury, pokhapokha ngati zikuchitika m'dzikomo kapena magulu ankhondo, kapena Militia, pamene ali mu utumiki weniweni mu nthawi ya Nkhondo kapena pangozi. "
Lamulo Ladziko Lonse . Lamulo la nkhondo zankhondo ndi nthambi ya malamulo apadziko lonse omwe amapereka ufulu ndi maudindo a omenyana, osagonjetsa, ogonjetsa, ndi akaidi. Zimapangidwa ndi mfundo ndi ntchito zomwe, panthawi ya nkhondo, zimatanthauzira udindo ndi maubwenzi osati adani okha komanso anthu ogonjetsedwa ndi asilikali.
Machitidwe a Congress . UCMJ uli mu Mutu 47, Mutu 10, United States Code, Gawo 801 mpaka 940. Ngakhale kuti malamulo otsogolera ndi apolisi ali m'Bungwe la Malamulo, lamulo la usilikali liri zaka mazana ambiri. Nkhani za UCMJ zikulongosola zolakwa zomwe zimaphwanya malamulo a usilikali m'magulu ankhondo a ku United States ndikuwonetsa msilikali kuti apereke chilango ngati apezeka ndi mlandu ndi khoti loyenera. Amatsatiranso zofunikira zomwe bungwe la Purezidenti likulamula (Manual for Courts-Martial [MCM]). Kwa membala, malamulowa ndi malamulo a dzikoli ngati boma kapena Federal code code ndi munthu wamba.
Malamulo oyang'anira Malamulo ndi Utumiki . Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake monga Mtsogoleri wa Mtsogoleri, Purezidenti ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezera malamulo otsogolera ndi maulamuliro othandizira kuti alamulire ankhondo malinga ngati sakusemphana ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko. Mutu 36, UCMJ, umapatsa Pulezidenti mwapadera malamulo (kuphatikizapo malamulo a umboni) kuti azitsatiridwa pamaso pa milandu yosiyanasiyana ya usilikali. Potsata mphamvu izi, Purezidenti wakhazikitsa MCM kuti agwire ntchito UCMJ. Purezidenti ndi Congress adalimbikitsa olemba a Service ndi akuluakulu ankhondo kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za UCMJ ndi MCM komanso kulengeza malamulo ndi malamulo. Nkhoti zathu zakhala zikugwirizanitsa kuti malamulo a asilikali ali ndi mphamvu ndi zotsatira za lamulo ngati zikugwirizana ndi malamulo kapena malamulo. Malamulo ndi malamulo omwe amalembedwa ndi malamulo ochepa amatsatiridwa ndi Gawo 92, UCMJ, lomwe limapereka kuphwanya malamulo ndi malamulo, ndi Zolemba 90 , ndi 91, UCMJ, zomwe zimaletsa kusamvera malamulo a akuluakulu.
Chisinthiko cha Chilungamo Chake
Chigamulo cha asilikali chikale kwambiri ngati kale. Ndondomeko yoyenera ndi yosayenerera ya chilungamo cha usilikali yakhala yofunikira kwambiri kuti zisungidwe mwambo ndi chikhalidwe mu lamulo lililonse la usilikali. Choncho, kusintha kwazandale za nkhondo kumatanthawuza kuyanjanitsa zinthu ziwiri zofunika: kukangana ndi chilakolako cha nkhondo komanso chilakolako chabwino, koma chosakondera, chosungira bwino ndi kulangiza.
Malamulo Ofanana a Chilungamo Chake (UCMJ) (1951) . Chikhumbo cha kugwirizana pakati pa mautumikiwa chinapangitsa kuti UCMJ ipange, kuyambira pa 31 May 1951. Inakhazikitsidwa ndi Manual for Courts-Martial, 1951. UCMJ inakhazikitsa makhoti a ntchito zokhudzana ndi usilikali, wopangidwa ndi oweruza milandu, , ndipo ali, chiyeso choyamba chokankhira mu ndondomeko ya chilungamo cha usilikali. UCMJ inakhazikitsanso Khoti Lalikulu la Zachimuna ku United States (lomwe panopa limatchedwa Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo a ku United States (CAAF), lomwe linali ndi oweruza atatu osagwirizana ndi boma, lomwe ndilo ndondomeko yapamwamba yowunikira boma. adaonjezeranso oweruza awiri omwe sanali a boma pa 1 December 1991.) Kukonzekera kwa khoti lamilanduyi ndi mwina kusintha kwakukulu pakati pa chilungamo cha usilikali m'mbiri ya dziko lathu. za ulamuliro wa asilikali zankhondo zinatengedwera kulowa usilikali.
Buku la 1969 la Malamulo-Martial (MCM) . Patapita zaka zingapo kukonzekera, MCM yatsopano inayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 January 1969. Cholinga chachikulu chazokonzanso chinali chophatikiza kusintha komwe kunali kofunikira pazigamulo za Khoti la Amilandu la US. Pasanathe mwezi umodzi, Purezidenti atayina lamulo loyang'anira MCC yatsopano 1969, Congress inapereka Chigamulo cha Zigamulo cha 1968, gawo lalikulu lomwe linagwira ntchito pa 1 August 1969.
Pulezidenti wa Chigamulo cha 1968 . Zina mwazimene zasinthidwa ndi Justice Justice Act ya 1968 ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa milandu yoweruza, yomwe ili ndi oweruza "oyendetsa magalimoto" mu utumiki uliwonse. Chigamulochi chinaperekanso kuti woweruzidwa asankhidwe ndi woweruza wa asilikali yekha (osakhala nawo mamembala a milandu) ngati membalayo akufunsidwa kulemba ndipo ngati woweruza wa usilikali akuvomereza pempholo.
Pulezidenti wa Chigamulo cha 1983 . Pofika pa 1 August 1984, Chilungamo cha Military Justice Act cha 1983 chinachitapo kusintha kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo zofunikira kuti boma lidandaule ndi oweruza ankhondo. Komabe, boma silingayambe kufufuza za anthu omwe alibe mlandu. Chigwirizanochi chimaperekanso kuimbidwa mlandu ku boma ndi ku boma ku US Supreme Court ku US Court of Appeals kwa Asilikali.
Miyambo . UCMJ lero ikuwonetsera zaka zambiri za malamulo ophwanya malamulo komanso chilungamo cha usilikali. Chilungamo cha usilikali chasintha kuchokera ku zomwe zinapangitsa akuluakulu kuti akwaniritse chilango cha imfa ku boma lachilungamo lomwe limapereka mwayi wothandizira anthu omwe ali ndi ufulu wawo komanso maudindo awo ofanana nawo, ndipo nthawi zina amaposa, omwe amasangalala ndi anzawo.
Ulamuliro wa makhoti . Kaya bwalo lamilandu liri ndi ufulu woweruza milandu inayake, limaphatikizapo zifukwa zingapo, kuphatikizapo momwe amachitira anthu (zaka, malamulo a boma , etc.), mtundu walamulo umakhudzidwa (chigawenga kapena chigwirizano, mgwirizano wa mgwirizano, kuperewera kwa msonkho, ukwati kukangana, ndi zina zotero), ndi zochitika za chilengedwe (chigawenga chomwe chinachitidwa ku New York, mkangano wa mgwirizano wokhudza malo ogulitsa a Florida, etc.). Khoti la martial jurisdiction likukhudzidwa ndi mafunso awiri otsatirawa:
- Ulamuliro waumwini; ndiko kuti, kodi munthu amene akuimbidwa mlanduyo akugonjetsedwa ndi UCMJ?
- Nkhani yokhudza nkhani; ndiko kuti, ndi khalidwe lolamulidwa ndi UCMJ?
Ngati mayankhowo ali "inde" muzochitika zonse, ndiye, ndipo pokhapokha, kodi makhothi-gulu la asilikali ali ndi mphamvu zothetsera vutoli.
Ulamuliro waumwini : Khoti-nkhondo ya nkhondo siilipo pa munthu pokhapokha ngati iye akugonjera UCMJ, monga tafotokozedwa ndi Gawo 2, UCMJ. Mutu 2 umati anthu otsatirawa ali pakati pa omwe akutsata UCMJ:
- Amagulu a zida zankhondo zonse, kuphatikizapo omwe akudikira kutuluka pambuyo poti atumizidwa; odzipereka kuyambira nthawi yomwe amavomerezedwa kapena kuloledwa kulowa usilikali; zida zankhondo kuyambira nthawi yomwe zidalembedwera m'magulu ankhondo; ndi anthu ena omwe amaitanidwa movomerezeka kapena kulamulidwa kulowa, kapena kugwira ntchito kapena kuphunzitsidwa, ankhondo, kuyambira masiku omwe akufunidwa ndi maitanidwe kapena kuitanitsa.
- Makadetete, magulu a ndege, ndi azungu.
- Omwe ali m'gulu la malo osungirako zachilengedwe pamene akugwira ntchito yopanda ntchito; koma, kwa anthu a US Army National Guard ndi US Air National Guard, pokhapokha pamene akugwira ntchito ku Federal.
- Otsalira pantchito omwe ali mbali yowonongeka ya magulu ankhondo omwe ayenera kulipira.
Kuchokera kwa lamulo la UCMJ, Supreme Court yanena kuti asilikali sangakwanitse kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo ovomerezeka pa anthu omwe sagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali. Kuwonjezera apo, Khoti la Malamulo la ku United States la Makamu ankhondo linanena kuti asilikali analibe ulamuliro pa ogwira ntchito zankhondo a asilikali pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Vietnam , ngakhale kuti milandu yokhudza milandu inkachitika m'dera la nkhondo. Khotili linanena kuti mawu akuti "nthawi ya nkhondo" yotchulidwa mu Article 2 (10), UCMJ, amatanthauza nkhondo yomwe inalengezedwa ndi Congress.
Mutu-Mphamvu Zofunikira . Kawirikawiri, makhoti-ankhondo ali ndi mphamvu zowononga zolakwa zilizonse pokhapokha ataletsedwa kuchita chotero ndi Malamulo. Ulamuliro wa makhothi-nkhondo umadalira kokha udindo wa wotsutsidwa ngati munthu wogonjera UCMJ, osati pa "kugwirizanitsa ntchito" kwa mlanduwu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wogonjera UCMJ akugulitsidwa m'masitolo kuchokera kwa wamalonda wamba. Wobwalo angayesedwe ndi makhothi-nkhanza, ngakhale kuti cholakwacho sichiri chogwirizanitsa ntchito mwachikhalidwe.