Zochitika Zapadera mu Chilungamo Chachilungamo, Forensics, ndi Criminology
The BC Years
Mafupa a magazi anali oposa 8000 mpaka pafupifupi 4000 BC
Madera akumidzi anayamba ku Middle East, ndikubweretsa magulu a anthu pafupi. Izi zinayambitsa mikangano ya nthaka komanso kuchulukanso kwa zochitika zomwe zingachitike.
Sumeria inayamba kukhala yodziwika bwino mu 3500 BC, kukhazikitsa mayiko ndi maboma oyambirira kuti athetse mikangano.
Kuwuka kwa Republic la Roma kunayamba mu 509 BC Ankhondo a Roma adagwira ntchito monga lamulo loyambirira likuwathandiza kufikira pafupifupi 500 AD Kupezeka kwawo m'misewu ya midzi ndi midzi kunakhala njira yowathandiza kupewa njira zachiwawa.
Kuchokera 428 kupyolera mu 347 BC , filosofi wachigiriki Plato, wophunzira wa Socrates, adayambitsa lingaliro lakuti anthu ali abwino. Izi zikanakhazikitsa maziko a zaumulungu za chikhristu ndipo zidzakhudzabe malingaliro achiwawa ndi chilango patapita zaka zambiri.
Aristotle, wophunzira wa Plato ndi mphunzitsi kwa Aleksandro Wamkulu, adafotokoza momveka bwino kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi sayansi kuchokera ku 384 mpaka 327 BC, zomwe zidzakhudza zofufuza zamilandu ndi zamilandu.
Julius Caesar anaphedwa mu 44 BC ndipo anakhala nkhani yoyamba kulemba autopsy.
M'zaka za zana loyamba
Pedanius Dioscorides, dokotala wachi Greek yemwe amakhala ku Rome, anagawa zomera zosiyanasiyana, mankhwala awo, ndi zizindikiro za poizoni kuyambira 50 mpaka 70 AD Ntchito yake, De Materia Medica, imatengedwa kuti ndiyo maziko a forensic toxicology.
Wolemba boma wachi Roma wotchedwa Quintilian anagwiritsa ntchito sayansi yodziwika kuti asonyeze kuti magazi opangira magazi sanali a wopha munthu.
Kutsika kwa Ufumu wa Roma kunayambitsa kuwonongeka kumadzulo kwa dziko lapansi ndi kubwerera ku "policing" ndi lingaliro la magazi pamene mabanja ndi oyandikana nawo adzichita okha. Amagulu ankawoneka kuti ali ndi udindo kwa mamembala awo ndipo anatenga nkhani za upandu ndi chilango m'manja mwao.
M'zaka za zana la 11
Lingaliro la Frankenpledge la apolisi linayambika mu 1035. Amuna onse opitirira zaka 12 anapangidwa kukhala magulu a khumi ndi oyandikana nawo. Iwo analumbira kuti adzamanga ndi kusunga abale awo omwe amachitira umbanda poyang'aniridwa ndi wogonjetsa. Akatswiri a ku Shire anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi Shire Reeve amene anasankhidwa ndi Crown.
M'zaka za m'ma 1300
Dokotala wina wa ku China anafalitsa Hsi Duan Yu, Kuthamanga kwa Zolakwika, mu 1248 . Imeneyi ndi ntchito yoyamba kwambiri yodziŵika pa matenda ndi kufa
Thomas Thomas Aquinas analemba ntchito yake yotchuka kwambiri, Summa Theologica , kuyambira 1265 mpaka 1274. Anapereka lingaliro la Chilamulo Chachilengedwe, kumanga nzeru za Plato. Ananena kuti chigawenga chinali chizunzo kwa Mulungu ndipo sizinawononge kokha wozunzidwa koma wachifwamba komanso chifukwa chakuti anthu ali abwino.
M'zaka za m'ma 1400
Nthaŵi ya chiyambi cha nyengo ya chiyambi cha masiku ano inayamba kukhudza maganizo a boma, upandu, ndi chilango.
Zolinga zamtendere zinasankhidwa ndi Mfumu kupereka chithandizo kwa asilikali ndi Shire Reeves. Zokhululukira zikhoza kutulutsa zifukwa zomveka ndipo zimakhala ndi zochitika zotsutsana, ndipo zingayesere milandu yomwe imakhudza milandu ing'onozing'ono.
Bungwe la Constable system ndi "hue ndi cry" zinapangidwa. Amuna adasankhidwa kuti akhale antchito m'tawuni kwa chaka chimodzi. Pamene wapolisi ankapempha thandizo, anthu onse a tawuniyo amayankha mwamsanga. Kuitana kwa thandizo kungawanyamule kuchokera mumzinda ndi mzinda mpaka wachigawenga atagwidwa kapena ngozi yatha.
M'zaka za m'ma 1600
Njira ya sayansi inayambitsidwa ngati chida chofufuza milandu. Zinayambitsa njira zatsopano zosonkhanitsira ndi kufufuza umboni.
Ofilosofi ambiri akumadzulo anayamba kukambirana za "mgwirizano wa anthu" momwe cholinga ndi udindo wa boma ndi maudindo a anthu ndi olamulira anafotokozedwa.
Anthu adapereka mphamvu zawo kwa mfumu kuti aziteteza, chitetezo, ndi chitukuko. Maganizo amenewa amachititsa kuti anthu aziwona zachiwawa panthawi ya Chidziwitso.
M'zaka za zana la 18
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira za sayansi kusonkhanitsa ndi kufanizitsa umboni kunakhala kovomerezedwa kwambiri.
Wolemba malamulo wa ku Italy ndi filosofesa Cesare Beccaria anasindikiza ntchito yake yodziwika bwino kwambiri, Pa milandu ndi Mlango , mu 1764. Idafuna kuti pakhale chiwerengero chokwanira chomwe chilango chidzawonjezeke ndi kuopsa kwake.
M'zaka za zana la 19
Mapulogalamu apolisi a Metropolitan akhazikitsidwa ku London mu 1829, akuwonetsa oyamba owona, ovala yunifolomu, ndi apolisi. Mfundo 9 za Policing zinaperekedwa kwa apolisi aliyense pa mphamvu.
Wolemba mbiri wa ku Belgium Adolphe Quetelet adawona ku France mchaka cha 1827 chiwerengero cha zigawenga ku dzikoli ndipo anagwirizana pakati pa umbanda ndi chiwerengero cha anthu, kuphatikizapo zaka, chikhalidwe, maphunziro, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Psychiatrist ndi katswiri wa zigawenga Cesare Lombroso anakhazikitsa Positivist Sukulu ya Criminology ndipo analimbikitsa maganizo ndi zamoyo zomwe zimayambitsa khalidwe lachiwerewere pakati pa 1858 ndi 1909.
Kamera ya Kodak ya George Eastman inayamba kupezeka mu 1888 ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kujambula ndikulemba zojambula zachiwawa.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wa Sherlock Holmes anagwiritsa ntchito sayansi komanso chifukwa chotsutsira umbanda ndipo anachulukitsa lingaliro la forensics kuyambira mu 1886.
Mu 1880 , Henry Faulds ndi William Herschel adafalitsa phunziro m'chilengedwe kusonyeza kuti zolemba zalazo zinali zosiyana ndi anthu.
Zaka za zana la 20
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito hydrogen peroxide kuti azindikire mitsempha ya magazi kudzera mu okosijeni inapezedwa mu 1901.
Dr. Edmond Locard, yemwe anali bambo wafukufuku wofufuza milandu, anaika chigamulo choyambirira chenicheni chogwirira ntchito m'chipinda cha apolisi ku Lyon, m'dziko la France mu 1910. Dr. Locard analemba buku lake lotchuka lotchedwa Locard's Exchange Principle mu 1934, zonse zimachoka pambali ndipo nthawi zonse pali umboni woti upeze.
Zipangizo zamakono zamakono ndi zamakompyuta zinayambitsidwa ndi FBI mu 1984 kukafufuza umboni wa makompyuta.
Umboni wa DNA unagwiritsidwa ntchito ku khoti lachigawenga kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1987. Tommie Lee Andrews anakhala munthu woyamba kuti aweruzidwe chifukwa cha DNA.
Chilungamo Chachilungamo Chimayendabe
Tikupitiriza kukula ndi kusintha momwe timamvetsetsera ndikuyankhapo. Malingaliro athu a momwe tingapeweretsere kuphwanya malamulo komanso momwe tingawonjezere chikhulupiliro cha anthu apolisi tidzakhala patsogolo pa ntchito zapamwamba zopezeka m'mabuku a milandu ndi chilungamo cha chigawenga. Ayenera kupitiriza kupereka mwayi wopindulitsa komanso wopindulitsa kwa zaka zambiri.