Phunziro la Chiwawa ndi Zomwe Zimayambitsa Ndi Zotsatira
Etymology ya Criminology
"Criminology" imachokera ku zigawenga za Chilatini, zomwe zikutanthauza kuimbidwa mlandu, ndi kutembenuzidwa kwa Greek logia , komwe kwatanthawuza "kuphunzira," kotero kuphunzira za kuphwanya malamulo.
Kodi Criminology Ndi Chiyani?
Criminology ndi nthambi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo, makamaka, yaphunzitsidwa mwa njira imodzi kwa zaka zikwi. Zangokhalapo posachedwa, komabe, zakhala zikuzindikiritsidwa ngati chidziwitso cha sayansi payekha.
- Phunzirani zambiri zokhudza mbiri yakale komanso yamakono ya chigawenga
Criminologists
Akatswiri a Criminologists amayang'ana nkhani zambiri zokhudzana ndi umbanda. Iwo adzipatulira kuti aphunzire osati zifukwa zokha zauchigawenga koma momwe zimakhudzidwira.
- Phunzirani zambiri za ntchito ya katswiri wa zigawenga
Mwachidziwikire, akatswiri ofufuza milandu amayang'anitsitsa mbali iliyonse yodalirika ya makhalidwe oipa. Izi zikuphatikizapo zotsatira za umbanda kwa anthu omwe akuzunzidwa ndi mabanja awo, anthu onse, ngakhale achifwamba okha. Zina mwa malo enieni omwe chigawenga chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi monga:
- Nthawi zambiri zolakwa
- Malo a zigawenga
- Zifukwa za zolakwa
- Mitundu ya milandu
- Zotsatira zaumoyo ndi zaumwini za zolakwa
- Zomwe anthu amachita pa milandu
- Zomwe munthu amachita pa chigawenga
- Zomwe boma likuchita kuphungu
Sukulu za Maganizo M'kati mwa Criminology
Cholinga cha kutha kwa chigawenga, ndithudi, ndicho kudziwa zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa khalidwe lachigawenga ndi kukhazikitsa njira zowonongeka komanso zaumunthu zowatetezera. Zimayambitsa masukulu angapo a malingaliro mkati mwa chilango, zomwe zimayang'ana zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi khalidwe losayeruzika komanso zokhudzana ndi momwe angagwirire ntchito.
Sukulu zitatu zoyambirira za kulingalira m'mayendetsedwe ka zigawenga ndi Classical School, Positivist School, ndi Chicago School.
Sukulu Yachikhalidwe
Sukulu Yachikhalidwe Yachiwawa, yomwe inakakamizidwa ndi woweruza wa ku Italy, Cesare Beccaria, ikuphatikizapo mfundo ndi ziphunzitso zauchigawenga zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mfundo zinayi izi:
- Anthu ali ndi ufulu wosankha kusankha ndi kuchita okha;
- Anthu kawirikawiri amafunafuna chisangalalo ndi kupeŵa kupweteka, ndipo iwo amawerengera mtengo wake phindu pokhapokha atasankha kuchita;
- Chilango chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa umbanda, ndipo kuopsa kwa chilangocho chiyenera kukhala chofanana ndi chilango chomwecho;
- Kufulumira ndi kutsimikizika kwa chilango ndicho chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa kuletsa umbanda.
Positivist Sukulu
Positivist School imasonyeza kuti palinso zinthu zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito mwachinyengo kusiyana ndi zosangalatsa zosafuna kufuna ndi kupweteka. Positivism imapangitsa zinthu zakunja ndi zamkati zomwe zingakhale zopanda mphamvu kwa munthu aliyense. Zimaphatikizapo zamoyo, zamaganizo, zachikhalidwe ndi zachilengedwe.
Sukulu ya positivist inali yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya sayansi yophunzirira khalidwe laumunthu. Idawathandiza kupititsa patsogolo zolemba zamatsenga monga chilango chovomerezedwa ndi cholemekezedwa cha sayansi.
Mmodzi mwa anthu oyambirira kwambiri komanso odziwika bwino a chithandizo cha positivist, Cesare Lombroso, ankayang'ana mbali zakuthupi za zigawenga monga mawonekedwe a zigaza zawo ndi kutalika kwa cheekbones kuti atsimikizire kuti biology ingalepheretse anthu ena kukhala ndi khalidwe loipa. Izi, zedi, zakhala zitatulutsidwa kale, koma chikhulupiliro cha sukulu ya chitsimikizo chakuti kuwerengera chigawenga kuyenera kuphatikizapo chilengedwe chomwe chigawenga chikupezekabe chofunikira.
Chicago School
Kuzindikiranso kuti Ecological School, Chiphunzitso cha Chicago chinayamba kupangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1920 mu dipatimenti ya zaumulungu ku University of Chicago. Sukuluyi ya lingaliro idakweza lingaliro lakuti khalidwe laumunthu linali, mwachindunji, lotsimikizika ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zimaganizira zochitika za maganizo komanso zachilengedwe pofufuza zomwe zimayambitsa khalidwe losayera.
Chipatala cha Chicago chimafotokoza kuti anthu amasintha malo awo. Chikhalidwe chowonongeko, monga umphaŵi wadera, mwachitsanzo, chimayambitsa kusweka kwa chikhalidwe. Chilengedwechi chikulepheretsa kuti anthu athe kuthana ndi zolakwa zomwe zimabweretsa ndikulimbikitsa chigawenga m'dera lomwe limayambitsa umbanda mkati mwake
Criminology Ikuthandiza Society
Munda wa zigawenga umapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yowonjezera yoweruza milandu yathu, kuphatikizapo momwe timayankhira kuphwanya malamulo komanso kulandira chithandizo cha ozunzidwa komanso olakwa. Zimapitiriza kutithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino ndalama zenizeni zauchigawenga kwa onse okhudzidwa ndi anthu onse.
Criminology yachititsa kuti pakhale malo apadera kwambiri ophunzirira, kuphatikizapo zolemba zachilengedwe . Zathandizanso kuti apolisi azichita zamatsenga, ena mwa iwo sagwirizana ndi ena, monga "apolisi ophwanyika" polisi, apolisi ozunguliridwa ndi anthu komanso apolisi.
Ntchito mu Criminology
Ntchito zowopsya ndizochuluka. Kupeza digiri kuntchito kungatsegule zitseko zopita ku maphunziro kapena maphunziro apamwamba m'madera ngati a forensic psychology , kapena kupereka maziko olimba a ntchito yolungama . Mwanjira iliyonse, zigawenga zingakhale malo osangalatsa komanso opindulitsa.