Uphungu ndi Criminology, Kuchokera pa Zakale mpaka Kukabadwanso
Monga anthu adasinthika zaka zoposa zikwi zikwi zambiri, koteronso, kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa upandu ndi zikhalidwe za anthu. Monga momwe zimakhalire, mbiriyakale ya ziphuphu zamakono imapeza mizu yake yakale.
Zakale za Kuphwanya Chilango ndi Chilango
Kuyambira kale, anthu akhala akuchita zachiwawa wina ndi mnzake. M'nthawi zakale, anthu ambiri ankawombera; Wopwetekedwa kapena banja la wozunzidwayo akhoza kunena zomwe akuganiza kuti ndizoyenera kuyankha pamlandu umene adawachitira.
Kawirikawiri, mayankhowa sankayankhidwa. Chotsatira chake, chigawenga choyambirira chikadziwonera kuti chachitidwa chifukwa cha zochitika zomwe adazichita kuti sakugwirizana ndi chigamulochi. Nthawi zambiri mafupa amagazi omwe amatha kukhalapo kwa mibadwo yonse.
Malamulo Oyambirira ndi Mauthenga
Ngakhale kuti umbanda ndi vuto kwa mabungwe onse, kuyankha kwa milandu m'mabuku oyambirira kunayambitsa mavuto awo. Malamulo omwe amanena momveka bwino kuti zigawenga ndi zilango zofanana ndizo zinakhazikitsidwa kuti onse azitha kuphwanya malamulo komanso kuthetsa kupha magazi komwe kunabweretsa chilango chowombera.
Kuyesa koyambirira kumeneku kunapitirizabe kuloledwa kuti wolakwira mlandu apereke chilango koma anafuna kufotokozera kuti yankho la chigawenga choyenera liyenera kukhala lofanana ndi kuopsa kwa chigawenga chomwecho. Chikho cha Hammurabi ndi chimodzi mwa zoyambirira, ndipo mwinamwake mayesero odziwika bwino kuti apeze chilango choyenera cha milandu.
Mfundo zomwe zili mu code zimatchulidwa bwino ngati "lamulo la kubwezera."
Chipembedzo ndi Chiwawa
Kumadzulo kwa chikhalidwe, malingaliro ambiri oyambirira a chiwawa ndi chilango adasungidwa mu Chipangano Chakale cha Baibulo. Lingaliro limadziwika mosavuta ngati mawu akuti "diso kwa diso."
M'madera oyambirira umbanda, limodzi ndi zina zonse, unkawonekera pa nkhani ya chipembedzo. Zochita zachiwawa zinakhumudwitsa milungu kapena Mulungu. Pachifukwa ichi, kubwezera kunali koyenera, ngati njira yowonetsera milungu chifukwa cha mlandu umene adawachitira ndi mlanduwu.
Filosofi Yakale ndi Uphungu
Zambiri za kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa ubale pakati pa chigawenga ndi chilango zikhoza kutsatiridwa ku zolemba za afilosofi Achigiriki Plato ndi Aristotle, ngakhale kuti zingatenge zaka zoposa chikwi kuti maganizo awo ambiri adzuke.
Plato anali mmodzi wa anthu oyamba kunena kuti chigawenga nthawi zambiri chimakhala chifukwa cha maphunziro osauka komanso kuti chilango cha milandu chiyenera kuwerengedwa malinga ndi vuto lawo, kuti athe kuthetsa vutoli.
Aristotle adalimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti mayankho a upandu ayenera kuyesetsa kupewa zinthu zam'tsogolo, ndi achifwamba ndi ena omwe angafune kuchita zolakwa zina.
Chofunika kwambiri, kuti chilango chophwanya malamulo chiyenera kukhala choletsera ena.
Chilamulo ndi Sosaiti
Anthu oyamba kukhazikitsa malamulo ambiri, kuphatikizapo ziphuphu, anali Republic of Rome. Aroma ambiri amadziwika kuti ndiwowonjezera zowona zalamulo lamakono, ndipo zowonongeka zawo zikuwonekerabe lero, momwe Chilatini chimasungidwira muzinthu zambiri zalamulo.
Roma idatenga maganizo osiyana kwambiri pankhani ya umbanda, kuona kuti zigawenga zimakhala zachiwawa kwa anthu kusiyana ndi milungu. Choncho, zinatenga udindo wotsogolera ndikupereka chilango monga boma, monga njira yosungira gulu lolamulidwa.
Chiwawa ndi Chilango M'zaka za m'ma 500
Kuyamba ndi kufalikira kwa Chikhristu kumadzulo kunabweretsa kubwereza kwachipembedzo pakati pa umbanda ndi chilango.
Pomwe chiwonongeko cha Ufumu wa Roma, kusowa kwa ulamuliro wamphamvu pakati pa dziko kumayambitsa kubwerera mmbuyo mu malingaliro okhudza umbanda.
Zochita zachiwawa zinayamba kuganiziridwa monga ntchito ndi zisonkhezero za satana kapena satana. Milandu inali yofanana ndi tchimo.
Mosiyana ndi nthawi zakale, pomwe adalangidwa nthawi zambiri kuti akondweretse milungu, chilango chinali chitagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita "ntchito ya Mulungu." Zilango zaukali zinkafunika kuti athetse chigawenga cha uchimo ndi kuwamasula ku mphamvu ya satana.
Maziko a Zamakono Zamakono a Chiwawa
Pa nthawi yomweyi, Chikhristu chinayambitsa kukhululukira ndi chifundo, ndipo malingaliro okhudza chiwawa ndi chilango anayamba kusintha. Katswiri wa zaumulungu wa Chiroma Katolika Thomas Aquinas anafotokoza bwino izi m'maganizo ake "Summa Theologica."
Anakhulupilira kuti Mulungu adakhazikitsa lamulo lachilengedwe, komanso kuti malamulo amtunduwu akuphwanya lamulo lachirengedwe, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti munthu amene adachita chigamulo adachitapo kanthu kuti adzipatula yekha kwa Mulungu.
Zinayamba kumveka kuti ziwawa sizimangopweteketsa munthu amene akuzunzidwayo koma komanso wachifwamba. Ochimwa, oyenera kulangidwa, adakhululukidwa, popeza adadziyika okha kunja kwa chisomo cha Mulungu.
Ngakhale malingaliro amenewa adachokera ku maphunziro achipembedzo, mfundo izi zikugwirika lero mu malingaliro athu adziko ophwanya malamulo ndi chilango.
Criminology yamakono ndi Society Society
Mafumu ndi akazi a nthawi imeneyo adanena kuti ali ndi ulamuliro wotsutsana ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu, akudzinenera kuti aikidwa mu mphamvu ndi Mulungu ndipo amachita zofuna zake. Zowononga anthu, katundu, ndi boma zonse zimawoneka ngati zolakwira Mulungu ndi machimo.
Amfumu adanena kuti onse ndi atsogoleri a tchalitchi. Chilango nthawi zambiri chimakhala chopupuluma komanso chankhanza, osasamala kwenikweni chigawenga.
Pamene lingaliro la kupatukana kwa tchalitchi ndi boma linayamba kuphuka, malingaliro onena za chigawenga ndi chilango adatenga mawonekedwe osiyana ndi aumunthu. Zolemba zamakono zamakono zapangidwa kuchokera mu kuphunzira kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Pachiyambi chake, akatswiri ofufuza zamakono amafuna kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa upandu ndi kupeza njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli ndi kuliletsa. Akatswiri oyambitsa ziphuphu oyambirira ankalimbikitsa njira yothetsera umbanda, potsutsa kuzunzidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma.
Kuitanitsa Kuganiza mu Criminology Yamakono
Wolemba wina wa ku Italy, dzina lake Cesare Beccaria, m'buku lake la On Crime and Punishment , adalimbikitsa chilango chokwanira komanso chilango chofanana nacho chifukwa cha kuopsa kwake. Ananena kuti chilango choopsa kwambiri, chilango chiyenera kukhala choopsa kwambiri.
Beccaria amakhulupirira kuti udindo wa oweruza uyenera kukhala wokhazikika pa kudzipereka kukhala wolakwa kapena wosalakwa, komanso kuti apereke chilango malinga ndi ndondomeko zotchulidwa ndi malamulo. Kulanga koopsa komanso oweruza ozunza adzachotsedwa.
Beccaria ankakhulupiriranso kuti kuletsa umbanda kunali kofunika koposa kulanga. Choncho, chilango cha umbanda chiyenera kuopseza ena kusiya kuchita zolakwazi.
Lingaliro linali lakuti chitsimikizo cha chilungamo mofulumira chikanachititsa munthu wina kuti achite cholakwa kuti aganizire poyamba za zotsatira zake.
The Link Between Demographics ndi Crime
Criminology inayamba kwambiri pamene akatswiri a zachikhalidwe anayesera kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa upandu. Anaphunzira zachilengedwe komanso munthu aliyense.
M'chaka cha 1827, ku France komwe kunafalitsidwa ziŵerengero za milandu ku United States, katswiri wina wa ku Belgium, dzina lake Adolphe Quetelet, anawunika kufanana pakati pa chiŵerengero cha anthu ndi chiwawa. Iye anayerekezera madera omwe chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha upandu chinachitika, komanso zaka ndi amuna omwe achita zachiwawa.
Anapeza kuti chiwerengero chachikulu cha umbanda chinapangidwa ndi anthu osaphunzira, osauka, amuna achichepere. Anapezanso kuti milandu yambiri inachitikira m'madera olemera, omwe ali olemera kwambiri.
Komabe, chiwerengero chachikulu cha umbanda chinachitika m'madera olemera omwe anali pafupi kwambiri ndi madera osauka, kuwonetsa kuti anthu osawuka amapita kumadera olemera kuti achite zachiwawa.
Izi zinasonyeza kuti chigawenga chinachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mwayi ndikuwonetsa mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa umphawi, zaka, maphunziro, ndi upandu.
The Link Between Biology, Psychology, and Crime
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku Italy dzina lake Cesare Lombroso anaphunzira chifukwa cha umbava chifukwa cha zochitika zaumwini ndi zokhudzana ndi maganizo. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, adanena kuti ambiri ochita ntchito zachinyengo sizinasinthe monga anthu ena.
Lombrosso inapeza zikhalidwe zina zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa pakati pa ochita zigawenga zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhulupirira kuti pali chilengedwe ndi cholowa chimene chinapangitsa munthu kukhala wolakwa.
Criminology Yamakono
Mizere iwiri ya kuganiza, zamoyo ndi zachilengedwe, zasintha kuti zithandizane wina ndi mzake, kuzindikira zonse zomwe zili mkati ndi kunja zomwe zimayambitsa zifukwa za umbanda.
Masukulu awiri a malingaliro anapanga zomwe lero zikuwoneka kuti ndi chilango cha zigawenga zamakono. Akatswiri a zachipatala tsopano akuphunzira zachikhalidwe, maganizo ndi zamoyo. Amapanga malangizowo kwa maboma, makhoti ndi mabungwe apolisi kuti athandize kupeŵa milandu.
Pamene malingaliro awa anali kukambidwa, kusintha kwa apolisi amakono komanso ndondomeko yathu ya chilungamo chauchigawenga kunali kuchitika.
Cholinga cha apolisi chinakonzedwa kuti chiteteze ndi kuzindikira milandu, kusiyana ndi kungochita zolakwa zomwe zachitika kale. Ndondomeko yolungamanga milandu tsopano ikupereka chilango kwa achigawenga pofuna kuthetsa milandu yotsatira.
Ntchito Zopindulitsa mu Criminology
Criminology yakhala ngati malo osiyanasiyana, omwe ali ndi zinthu zamagulu, biology, ndi psychology.
Ntchito kwa anthu omwe amaphunzira zauchigawenga amaphatikizapo apolisi , ochita kafukufuku, zochitika zachiwawa ndi akatswiri a zamankhwala , akatswiri , oweruza, akatswiri otetezeka , komanso akatswiri a maganizo .
Munda wa zigawenga ukupitiriza kukulirakulira, ndipo mungapeze mwayi wogwira ntchito m'dera lililonse lomwe mungakhale nalo chidwi.