Cholinga cha Lobby la 2014 Scotus Hobby ndi 9 Malamulo Ena Amapweteka Akazi
Malamulo ambiri omwe adakhazikitsidwa pakati pa 1769 ndi 2014 adalengedweratu kuti akane amayi ufulu ndi mwayi m'moyo komanso kuntchito. Ena mwadzidzidzi anachitapo kanthu. Ambiri mwa malamulowa akhala akuphwanya malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo, koma ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe ufulu wa amayi ukugwirira ntchito kuntchito-komanso momwe malamulo atsopano akupitilira kuwononga ufulu wa amayi.
01 1769: Azimayi Kutaya Kudziletsa M'kwatibwi
02 1777: Ufulu Wovota Unathetsedwa
Mu 1777, malamulo adaperekedwa ndi boma liletsa amayi onse kuti asankhe voti.
03 1866: Ufulu wa Ovota ndi Nzika Zimatchulidwa Kukhala Mwamuna
Congress inadutsa 14th Amendment mu 1866, kufotokoza momwe oimira boma amaikidwa ndi chiwerengero cha voti. Chisinthiko chotchulidwa "ovota" ndi nzika "kuti chiwerengedwe kuti" mwamuna ".
04 1873: Akazi Amapewa Kuchita Chilamulo
Mu 1873, chisankho cha Bradwell v. Illinois , 83 US 130, Khoti Lalikulu ku United States linalola kuti boma liletsa akazi osamvera malamulo.
05 1875: Kamodzinso, Ufulu Woperekera Umaperekedwa Kwa Akazi
Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States linati akazi ndi anthu koma "osakhala ndivota " m'chaka cha 1875 Chakumapeto kwa chisankho cha Happersett , 88 US 162. Izi zikhoza kutipatsa amayi ufulu wochuluka muukwati ndi zochitika zina, koma adakanabe ufulu wovota .
06 1908: Akazi Ali ndi Ntchito Zazifupi Kwambiri kuposa Amuna
Mu 1908, Khoti Lalikulu ku United States linagamula motsatira malamulo a Oregon omwe amalepheretsa akazi kuntchito ya maola 10. Muller v State of Oregon , 208 US 412, amasonyeza kuti akazi ali ofooka kwenikweni kuposa amuna.
07 1924: Odikirira ku New York Ayenera Kugwira Ntchito Zosintha
Mu 1924, malamulo adatsutsidwa kuti akazi asamagwire ntchito usiku wonse m'malesitilanti ndi mabungwe osungirako, kupatula ngati abambo azimayi osambira kapena ogulitsa.
08 1932: Lamulo lokhazikitsa akazi kunja kwa ntchito za boma
Bungwe la National Recovery Act linakhazikitsidwa mu 1932. Lamuloli linaletsa oposa mmodzi m'banja kuti agwire ntchito ya boma, ndipo zinali zothandiza kuchotsa akazi ogwira ntchito omwe anali atadzaza ntchito zambiri pamene amuna anali kumenyana ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Pamene abambo anabwerera ku ntchito za boma, amayi adathamangitsidwa.
09 1981: Akazi Sangathe Kukonzedwa
Mu 1981, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri ku United States linagamula kuti kupatulapo akazi kuchokera pa zolembazo kunali kovomerezeka.
10 2014: Akazi Anakana Kupeza Mapiritsi Ogonana
Ku Burwell v. Hobby Lobby , Khoti Lalikulu linagamula 5-4 kuti likhale lolowetsa mafilimu mu 2014, kuti olemba ntchito anzawo azikana kulandira chithandizo pa njira ya Obamacare ngati adanena zifukwa zachipembedzo. Mapiritsi oletsa kubereka, njira zothandizira kwambiri zogwirira ntchito, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza matenda aakulu omwe amayi ambiri amavutika nawo.
Justice Ruth Ginsburg anakana. Zina mwazolemba zake zochititsa chidwi zokhudzana ndi chifukwa chake adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chisankho ichi zikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu:
"Kuvomereza ziphunzitso zina zachipembedzo ndikuona kuti anthu ena sali woyenerera kukhala malo ogona angaoneke ngati kukonda chipembedzo chimodzi pa china, chiopsezo chachikulu kuti [Chigawo] chachikhazikitso chazikhazikitsidwa kuti chisawonongeke."
"Mabungwe achipembedzo alipo kulimbikitsa zofuna za anthu omwe akulembera ku chipembedzo chomwecho. Osati a makampani opindula. Ogwira ntchito omwe amayendetsa ntchito za mabungwe awo kawirikawiri sagwedezedwa ndi gulu limodzi lachipembedzo."
"Malamulo a Hobby Lobby ndi Conestoga omwe amalephera kukana amatha kukana magulu a amayi omwe sakhulupirira kuti amakhulupirira awo akhoza kulandira chithandizo cha kulera."