Crew Resource Management, yomwe imatchedwanso Cockpit Resource Management, kapena CRM, ndizogwiritsira ntchito kayendedwe ka cockpit zomwe zimapangitsa kuti oyendetsa ndege azigwiritsa ntchito bwino zonse zomwe zilipo, mkati ndi kunja kwa cockpit.
Mbiri
Maofesi oyendetsera chuma anafika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 pofuna kufufuza kafukufuku wa kafukufuku wa ngozi ku NASA. Kafukufuku wa NASA adachita panthawi yomwe anthu akulephera kuchita ngozi za ndege ndi anthu ambiri.
Ofufuza a NASA adapeza kuti kufooka kwa luso loyankhulana pakati pawo, kupanga chisankho ndi utsogoleri pa malo ogona ndizo zimayambitsa zoopsa zosiyanasiyana, kotero amatha kukhazikitsa pulogalamu yothandizira gulu limodzi ndi kusamalira chuma.
M'ma 1970, zofunikira zambiri za CRM zinali pa mgwirizano woyendetsa ndege. Zinkawoneka kuti panali akuluakulu a ndege omwe ankaganiza mochepa za ogwira ntchito anzawo. Panalinso akuluakulu oyambirira omwe sankafuna kuti aime kwa kapitawo wawo pamene sanagwirizane ndi zochita zake. Akalonga anaikidwa pazitsulo ndi oyendetsa ndege oyenda pansi ankawona kuti kunalibe ulemu kuwafunsa. Izi zinapangitsa kuti malo ogwira ntchito azikhala osagwira ntchito limodzi ndipo zinachititsa ngozi zambiri. Cholinga cha CRM panthawiyi chinali kukhala ndi chikhalidwe cholemekezeka, kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi kuthandizana kuti muthe kukwaniritsa ntchitoyo.
Zotsatira za CRM zinatsatira ziphunzitso zofananamo komanso zimaphatikizapo luso lopanga zisankho. Kulakwika kwa kasamalidwe kunakhala koyambira pa mapepala a maphunziro a CRM ochedwa. Ziwerengero za chitetezo zimati anthu ndi amene amachititsa zolakwika; Choncho, oyendetsa ndege ayenera kuphunzira kuzindikira zolakwika ndi zolakwika pamene akupezeka.
Posachedwapa, CRM yakhala ikuphunzitsa njira zothandizira anthu oyendetsa galimoto, kuyang'anira ntchito yosamalira katundu, kuzindikira maonekedwe kapena zochitika zoopsa, kusunga malingaliro, ndi kulankhulana mogwira mtima kuti zithe kugwira ntchito bwino komanso mosamala pazochitika zonse zowuluka.
Masiku ano, CRM ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro a dipatimenti ya ndege ndi chidziwitso chodziŵika kwambiri pa ntchito ya oyendetsa ndege . Ophunzira oyendetsa masewera onse amaphunzitsidwa ku CRM, ndipo cholinga chake chimakhalabe ndi mfundo zenizeni monga kupanga, kugwiritsira ntchito ngozi, utsogoleri, ndi kukonza zolakwika.
CRM Concepts
- Kupanga zisankho: Woyendetsa ndege onse amagwira nawo ntchito yopanga zisankho paulendo. Kaya apanga chisankho cholondola kapena ayi, zimadalira kuti ali ndi zambiri zamtundu wanji. CRM imaphunzitsa oyendetsa ndege kufunafuna zonse zomwe zilipo pakupanga chisankho, osati kuti azichita zokha. Oyendetsa ndege angagwiritse ntchito othandizira ena, othawa ndege, ATC, malipoti a nyengo, ndipo masiku ano akhoza kutchula deta yawo yosamalira pafoni kapena pa wailesi.
CRM imaphunzitsa oyendetsa ndege kuti azichita mofatsa komanso moyenera mmalo mwa mantha kapena kukhudzidwa pamene zisankho ziyenera kupangidwa. Oyendetsa ndege ayenera kuzindikira makhalidwe awo owopsa omwe angawononge chisankho chabwino ndikusamalira ngozi.
Mavuto Oopsya: Oyendetsa ndege akuphunzitsidwa kuti njira yokhayo yopezera ngozi zomwe zimawombera ndi kuwongolera moyenerera. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira kuopsa, kuyamba ndi. Oyendetsa ndege amaika ngozi podziwa kuti ali ndi chiopsezo monga kutopa , matenda kapena nkhawa, kuti azigwira nawo ntchito. Kuonjezerapo, pali zoopsa zachilengedwe, monga nyengo kapena ndondomeko zoyendetsera ntchito. Pali ngozi zowonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito momwe ndegeyo imayendetsera katundu, ngati msewu umakhala wouma, etc. Oyendetsa ndege sangathe kuyendetsa zoopsazi, koma angathe kuthetsa zotsatirapo podziwa zolephera zawo, kuchepa kwa ndege, kuchepa kwa kampani, ndi zina zotero.
- Utsogoleri: Mtsogoleri wabwino ndi wovuta kupeza, koma CRM ikhoza kuphunzitsa oyendetsa ndege kuti azindikire makhalidwe abwino ndi oipa, omwe angayesetse kapena kuwateteza moyenera.
CRM ya Single Pilots (SRM)
Sizinatengere nthawi yaitali kuti ochita malonda azindikire kuti pali phindu la maphunziro a CRM kumalo osungira anthu. Chinthu chowonekera chotsatira choyenera kuchita chinali kukhazikitsa malingaliro omwewo kwinakwake. Malingaliro ambiri omwe aperekedwa ku CRM angakhalenso ogwira ntchito yoyendetsa ndege imodzi. Gulu loyendetsa galimoto limodzi (SRM) tsopano likulowera ku makampani opanga ndege ndipo ndi chida chofunika kwambiri chothandizira ntchito za pilo imodzi, makamaka.
Pali ubwino ndi kuipa kwa ntchito imodzi yoyendetsa ndege. Choyamba, ngati malo okhawo okhala pabwalo la ndege, woyendetsa ndege mmodzi alibe wina woti azikangana naye. Alibenso wina woti awononge malingaliro awo ndipo palibe yemwe angathandize pangozi. Oyendetsa ndege osakwatira amayenera kuyang'ana pazinthu zina, ndipo amafunika kudziwa momwe angachitire mosamala komanso osataya nzeru, makamaka ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi yomwe yakhala ikuchulukira posachedwapa. Zipangizo zamakono zamakono zamakono opanga ndege (TAA) zingathandize kwambiri oyendetsa ndege ku IFR mikhalidwe, koma pokhapokha ataphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizozo.