Kukonzekera Kwambiri ndi Kuyendetsa
Pa njira yosavuta kwambiri, kuyenda kumapangidwira kudzera m'malingaliro odziwika kuti akufa akufa ndi kuyendetsa.
Woyendetsa ndege ndilo liwu lomwe limatanthawuza ntchito yokhayo yowonekera. Woyendetsa ndegeyo amadziwikitsa zizindikiro, monga mitsinje, mizinda, ndege, ndi nyumba ndikuyenda pakati pawo. Vuto ndi oyendetsa ndege ndiloti nthawi zambiri, maumboni sawoneka mosavuta ndipo sangathe kudziwika mosavuta pazidziwitso zotsika kapena ngati woyendetsa galimotoyo amachoka pang'onopang'ono ngakhale pang'ono. Choncho, lingaliro la kuwerengera wakufa linayambitsidwa.
Kuwerengera zakufa kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro zowonetsera maso pamodzi ndi nthawi ndi mawerengedwe a mtunda. Woyendetsa ndegeyo amasankha ma checkpoints omwe amawoneka mosavuta kuchokera m'mlengalenga komanso amadziwika pa mapu ndikuwunikira nthawi yomwe idzatenge kuti achoke kuchokera kumodzi mpaka kumtsinje, kuwerengera, ndi kuwerengera mphepo. Othandizira apakompyuta oyendetsa ndege pakutha nthawi ndi mawerengedwe a mtunda ndipo woyendetsa ndege amagwiritsira ntchito chipika chokonzekera ndege kuti azitsatira ziwerengerozo paulendo.
Kupita kwa Radiyo
Ndi ndege zomwe zili ndi zida zothandizira maulendo ailesi (NAVAIDS), oyendetsa ndege angathe kuyenda molondola kusiyana ndi akufa akuwerengera okha. Radio NAVAIDS imakhala yabwino kwambiri ndipo imakhala njira yoyenera yoperekera oyendetsa ndege oyendetsa ndege omwe amakonda kufa. Iwo amakhalanso olondola kwambiri.
M'malo mokwera ndege kuchokera pamalo ochezera, ndege zoyendetsa ndege zimatha kuyenda molunjika ku "kukonza" kapena ku eyapoti. Ma radio enieni NAVAIDS amafunikanso ntchito za IFR.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya wailesi ya NAVAIDS yogwiritsira ntchito ndege:
- ADF / NDB: Njira yoyamba kwambiri yoyenderera pawailesi ndi ADF / NDB . NDB ndi bwalo la ma radio lomwe silili pansi ndipo limatulutsa chizindikiro cha magetsi kumbali zonse. Ngati ndege ili ndi ADF, idzawonetsa malo a ndegeyo poyerekeza ndi station ya NDB pansi. Chida cha ADF kwenikweni ndi mzere wotsalira womwe umayikidwa pawonekedwe la khadi la kampasi. Mtsinje nthawizonse umalozera kumalo a station ya NDB, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ngati woyendetsa ndegeyo akulozera ndegeyo motsatira chingwe mu mphepo yamphepo, iye adzawulukira molunjika ku siteshoni.
ADF / NDB ndi NAVAID yapadutsa, ndipo ndizovuta zolakwika. Kuyambira pamenepo, woyendetsa ndege akhoza kuwerenga molakwika pamene akuuluka m'mapiri kapena kutali kwambiri ndi sitima. Njirayi imayambanso kugwedezeka kwa magetsi ndipo imatha kungokhala ndege zokha nthawi yomweyo. Ambiri akuchotsedwa monga GPS kukhala chitukuko choyambirira choyenda.
VOR: Pafupi ndi GPS, dongosolo la VOR ndilo lomwe ndi NAVAIDS lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa dziko lapansi. VOR, yochepa kwa VHF Omnidirectional Range, ndi radio yochokera NAVAID imene imagwira ntchito kwambiri pafupipafupi. Zolemba za VOR zili pansi ndipo zimapereka zizindikiro ziwiri - chizindikiro chimodzi chokha cha 360-degree ndi chizindikiro china chowongolera.
Chombo cha ndege (OBI) chimatanthauzira kusiyana pakati pa zizindikiro ziwiri ndikuwonetsera zotsatira ngati zowonongeka pa chizindikiro cha OBI (chizindikiro chowonetsa) kapena HSI (chizindikiro chowonetsera), malingana ndi chida chimene ndege ikugwiritsa ntchito. Mu mawonekedwe ake ofunika kwambiri, OBI kapena HSI amawonetsera omwe amachokera ku siteshoni ndegeyo ilipo ndipo ngati ndege ikuuluka kapena ikuchoka ku siteshoni.
VORs ndi yolondola kwambiri kuposa NDB ndipo sakhala ndi zolakwika zochepa, ngakhale kuti phwandoli likadali lopangidwa ndi mzere wokha.
DME: Zipangizo Zoyesa Kutalikira ndi imodzi mwa NAVAIDS yosavuta kwambiri komanso yothandiza kwambiri. Ndi njira yamagwiritsidwe ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito transponder mu ndege kuti adziwe nthawi yomwe imatenga chizindikiro kuti apite ndi kuchokera ku DME. DME imatumiza maulendo a UHF ndikupanga mtunda wautali. Mpweya wotulukira ndegeyo umawonetsera mtunda wa magawo khumi mwa makilomita asanu ndi awiri.
Malo osungira DME amodzi angagwire ndege 100 pa nthawi imodzi, ndipo kawirikawiri amakhalapo ndi malo osungirako malo a VOR.
- ILS: Chida choyendetsa zipangizo (ILS) ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsogolera ndege kupita ku msewu kuchokera ku njira yoyendetsa ndege. Amagwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro ziwiri zozembera komanso zowonekera zomwe zimachokera kumalo ozungulira pamsewu. Zizindikiro izi zimapereka kupereka woyendetsa ndege malowa mofanana ndi glideslope - njira yoyendetsa nthawi zonse, yomwe imakhazikika mpaka kumapeto kwa msewu. Machitidwe a ILS amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano ngati njira imodzi yolondola kwambiri yomwe ilipo.
GPS
Machitidwe apadziko lonse akukhala njira yofunika kwambiri yodutsa panyanja zamakono zamakono. GPS yatsimikizirika kuti ndi yodalirika kwambiri komanso yeniyeni ndipo mwinamwake ndiwafala kwambiri NAVAID lero.
Maofesi apadziko lonse amagwiritsa ntchito satellites 24 a Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ku United States kuti apereke deta yolondola, monga ndege, maulendo, liwiro, ndi oyendetsa ndege. Njira ya GPS imagwiritsira ntchito katatu kuti mudziwe malo enieni a ndegeyo padziko lapansi. Kuti mukhale olondola, dongosolo la GPS liyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yosonkhanitsa deta kuchokera ma satellite atatu okhalapo 2-D, ndi ma satellites 4 a malo a 3-D.
GPS yakhala njira yosankhika yopitilira chifukwa cha kulondola komanso mosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Ngakhale pali zolakwika zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi GPS, zimakhala zochepa. Njira za GPS zingagwiritsidwe ntchito paliponse padziko lapansi, ngakhale m'mapiri, ndipo sizili zovuta za radio NAVAIDS, monga kusokoneza maso ndi magetsi.
Kugwiritsira Ntchito Koyenera NAVAIDS:
Oyendetsa ndege adzawuluka pansi pa malamulo oyendetsa ndege (VFR) kapena malamulo oyendetsa ndege (IFR), malingana ndi nyengo. Pakati pa maonekedwe a meteorological (VMC), woyendetsa ndege akhoza kuthawa pogwiritsa ntchito woyendetsa komanso kufala yekha, kapena angagwiritse ntchito njira zoyendetsa galimoto kapena njira zoyendetsera GPS. Kuyenda kwenikweni kumaphunzitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa maphunziro a ndege.
Mu chida cha meteorological (IMC) kapena pamene akuuluka IFR, woyendetsa ndege amayenera kudalira zida za cockpit, monga VOR kapena GPS system. Chifukwa kuthawa mumitambo ndi kuyenda ndi zipangizozi kungakhale kovuta, woyendetsa ndege ayenera kupeza chiwerengero cha FAA kuti aziyendera mu maimidwe a IMC mwalamulo.
Panopa, FAA ikugogomezera maphunziro atsopano kwa oyendetsa ndege oyendetsa ndege m'tawuni zamakono (TAA) . TAA ndi ndege zomwe zapita patsogolo kwambiri, monga GPS. Ngakhalenso ndege zowonetsera masewera zikubwera kuchokera ku fakitale ndi zipangizo zamakono masiku ano. Zingakhale zosokoneza komanso zoopsa kwa woyendetsa ndege kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito mawotchi amasiku ano akuthawa popanda kuwunikira kwina, ndipo miyambo yamakono ya FAA siinapitirire ndi nkhaniyi.
FAA inasinthidwa pulogalamu ya FITS yomwe inakambidwa panthawiyi, ngakhale pulogalamuyo idakali yopereka.