Ndondomeko ya National Airspace ikufotokozedwa

Ndege, Kuwongolera Ndege ndi Teknolojia Yomwe Imapangitsa Kugwira Ntchito

Pulogalamu ya airspace (NAS) inakhazikitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa kayendetsedwe ka zamalonda kuti agwire ndege kuchokera ku point A kuti iwonetse B m'njira yoyenera. Ndi dongosolo lakalekale, koma lapangidwa kwa ife kuyambira nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Ndipotu, United States ili ndi malo otetezeka kwambiri padziko lonse ponena za kayendetsedwe ka ndege.

Pali ndege zoposa 7,000 m'mwamba pamwamba pa America kamodzi, malinga ndi Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

Nambalayi ikuyembekezeka kuti iwonjezeke pazaka 15 zotsatira, ndipo ikupitirizabe kukhala zovuta kuti zifanane ndi ndege zonsezi m'ntchito yathu yamakono. Fomu ya Next Generation ya FAA ya Next Generation (NextGen) ikulonjeza kusintha ndondomeko yamakono yowonetsera ndege kuti ikhale yogwiritsira ntchito mpweya, kuchepetsa mpweya, kusunga mafuta ndi kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa ndege. Mpaka kuti NextGen ikwaniritsidwe bwino, komabe, dongosolo lathu lamakono loyendetsa ndege liyenera kukhala lokwanira.

Kupatula

FAA ikulongosola malo olowera ndege pamodzi mwa magulu anayi:

• Malo olowera ndege - malo ozungulira maulendo a ndege, pamaulendo a ndege, ndi pamwamba pa mapazi 18,000. FAA imapatulira mpweya umenewu m'magulu A, B, C, D ndi E, omwe ali ndi miyeso ndi malamulo osiyana.
• Malo osayendetsa ndege - malo alionse omwe sali woyendetsedwa.
• Malo osankhidwa apadera - malo oletsedwa, oletsedwa, ochenjeza ndi ochenjeza, komanso malo ogwira ntchito zankhondo (MOAs).

• Malo ena owonetsera malo - malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zochepa zowuluka.

Malo Oyendetsa Ndege

NAS imaphatikizapo zochuluka osati kungolamulira nsanja ku eyapoti yapafupi. Pa ndege yowuluka, woyendetsa ndege angayankhulane ndi olamulira pa malo awa:

• ARTCC - Airspace pamwamba pa United States yagawanika mu magawo 22 a m'madera, omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi Air Route Traffic Control Center, kapena ARTCC. Pamene ndege ikudutsa malire kuchokera ku dera limodzi la ARTCC kupita ku lina, woyang'anira magalimoto akuyendetsa kuyankhulana kwa ndegeyo kwa woyang'anira ARTCC m'dera lotsatira.

• TRACON - Dongosolo la Radar Approach Control (TRACON) limadziwika kuti "kuyandikira" kwa oyendetsa ndege. Pamene ndege ikuyandikira ku eyapoti, olamulira a ARTCC adzatumiza mauthenga kwa woyang'anira TRACON, amene angathandize ndegeyo kuti ifike paulendo wawo.
• ATCT - Olamulira pa malo oyendetsa ndege pamtunda (ATCT) ali ndi udindo wa ndege pa kayendedwe ka ndege ya ndege. Ndege ikalowa m'deralo, imaperekedwa kwa ATCT, kumene otsogolera amayang'anira njira yake yomaliza. Olamulira a pansi pano ali mbali ya ATCT, kuyang'anira ntchito zamakisi ndi zitseko.
• FSS - Pakalipano pali malo asanu ndi awiri othawira ndege (FSS) omwe akugwira ntchito. Akatswiri operekera ndege amathandiza oyendetsa ndege kukonza mapulani, nyengo, ndi zina zokhudzana ndi woyendetsa ndege.

Technology

Kuphatikiza pa matekinoloje osiyanasiyana omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka, makampani opanga ndege amatha kupanga makina atsopano kuti apange njirayi kukhala yowonjezereka, yosavuta komanso yotetezeka kwa oyendetsa ndege ndi olamulira. Nazi ena mwa iwo:

• Radar - Pakalipano, NAS imadalira kwambiri machitidwe a radar omwe amayambira pansi. Nthaka ya radar imatulutsa mafunde, omwe amasonyeza ndege. Chizindikiro cha ndegeyo chimatanthauzidwa ndi kutumizidwa ku digitally kwa makanema a kompyuta pa ARTCC, TRACON kapena ATCT.

• Mafilimu Odziwika - Oyendetsa ndege ndi olamulira amalankhulana mwachindunji ndi VHF (maulendo apamwamba kwambiri) ndi ma radio a UHF (ultra-high frequency).
• CPDLC - Controller Pilot Data Link Communications, monga dzina limatanthawuzira, ndi njira ya olamulira ndi oyendetsa ndege kuti alankhule kudzera pachinsinsi chachinsinsi . Kulankhulana kotereku kuli kosavuta kumene ma radio sakupezeka komanso amachepetsa kugwedezeka kwa wailesi.
• GPS - Njira yothandizira maulendo apansi, Global Positioning System ndiyo njira yowongoka kwambiri komanso yovomerezeka kwambiri yoyendetsa ndege ndi mkate ndi mafuta a pulogalamu ya NextGen.
• ADS-B - M'zaka zaposachedwapa, njira yotchedwa ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) yakhala yotchuka ngati njira yothandizira oyendetsa ndege ndi olamulira kuti apeze chithunzi cholondola cha kayendetsedwe ka ndege, nyengo, ndi malo pamene ndege ikuuluka.

Njira Yoyendetsa Ndege Yotsatira

Njira yathu yamakono yopita kumlengalenga imatenga ndege kumene amafunika kuyenda mosamala ndi mwadongosolo, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zakale ndi zatsopano. Ngakhale kuti dongosolo lathu lamakono la ndege lakhala likugwira ntchito bwino kwa zaka zambiri, sizili bwino kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ndege m'mlengalenga athu lero. Tikuwona magalimoto ochulukirapo ambiri, kuchedwa kwa ndege, kutaya mafuta ndi kutaya ndalama kuposa kale lonse. Komabe, pali chiyembekezo: Pulogalamu ya NextGen ikuyenera kusintha pa NAS yomwe ikupezeka pofufuza njira zothana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magalimoto ndikukonzekera dongosolo lonse.