Chifundo ndi Kutonthozedwa kwa USNS
Sitima zachipatala zimapereka chithandizo chamankhwala cham'madzi, chamtundu, komanso chochititsa chidwi kwambiri akaitanira usilikali wa ku United States. Pakhala zombo zina zamankhwala zomwe zimagwira ntchito zina - zombo za ambulansi, sitima zopulumutsira, ndi sitima zowatuluka.
Mkhalidwe wa Msonkhano wa Geneva
Sitima Zachipatala zimakhala ndi udindo wapadera - udindo wapaderowu unali wovomerezedwa padziko lonse pansi pa msonkhano wachiŵiri wa Geneva wa 1906 ndi Hague Convention ya 1907.
Kuletsedwa kwapadera kwa sitima ya kuchipatala ndikunenedwa mu Article 4 ya Hague Convention X:
- Sitimayo iyenera kukhala yodziwika bwino ndi kuyendetsedwa ngati sitima ya kuchipatala
- Chombocho chiyenera kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala kwa anthu ovulala amitundu yonse
- Sitimayo isagwiritsidwe ntchito pa cholinga chilichonse cha usilikali
- Sitimayo sayenera kusokoneza kapena kuwononga zida za adani
- Belligerents, monga asankhidwa ndi Hague Convention, akhoza kufufuza sitima iliyonse kuchipatala kukafufuza zophwanya malamulowa
- Belligerents adzakhazikitsa malo a sitima ya kuchipatala
Komanso, msonkhanowo unakhazikitsa kuti panthawi ya nkhondo, sitima zachipatala zikanakhoza kuchotsedwa ku msonkho ndi msonkho woperekedwa kwa zombo m'mabwalo a mayiko omwe amavomereza mgwirizanowo.
Posachedwapa - bungwe la San Remo la malamulo a mayiko lonse lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bungwe la International Institute of Humanitarian Law, lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito mu June 1994, linayambanso kulankhulana pakati pa 1988 ndi 1994 ndi amishonale ndi azimayi ndi aphunzitsi.
Malingana ndi Buku la San Remo, sitima ya kuchipatala yomwe imaphwanya malamulo a malamulo ayenera kuchenjezedwa moyenera ndi kupatsidwa malire oyenera kuti achite. Ngati sitima ya kuchipatala ikupitirizabe kuphwanya malamulo, munthu wotsutsa ali ndi ufulu woulanda kapena kutenga njira zina zolimbikitsira kutsata. Sitimayo yosagonjera kuchipatala ikhoza kuchotsedwa pazifukwa izi:
- Kusokonezeka kapena kugwidwa sikungatheke
- Palibe njira ina yoyenera kuyendetsera
- Kuphwanya kuli kovuta kulola kuti sitimayo ikhale ngati cholinga cha nkhondo
- Kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka sizingakhale zosavomerezeka kwa magulu ankhondo.
Muzochitika zina zonse, kupha sitima ya kuchipatala ndizophwanya nkhondo.
Zida Zachimuna ku US ku WWI
Panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse (aka "Nkhondo Yaikuru"), sitima zam'chipatala zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambirira - koma sitima zachipatala za WWI zinkanyamula makamaka odwala ndi ovulazidwa kumalo osungirako opita kuchipatala. United States.
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yachiwiri inawonanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa sitima zachipatala, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwao kunachokera kwa omwe ankagwiritsira ntchito - Navy siinali nthambi yokha ya asilikali a United States kuti agwire sitima zapatala, kwa nthawi yomwe asilikali anathandizanso [ Asilikali ankagwira ntchito zombo zokhazokha, onani zolemba za Ship Hull - Mpumulo wa Zida Zomwe Zida Zida Zomwe Zili M'kati ).
Zida Zachimuna za US ku WWII
Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, ankhondo adaganiza kuti ndi udindo wawo kuwatsogolera, ndipo amafuna kukonza zombo zawo. Panali sitima zonse zam'chipatala 27 zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza anthu othawa kwawo kuti achoke.
Bungwe la Army Transport Service linagwira ntchito zombo zodyera 24 zomwe zinagwidwa ndi asilikali (ogwira ntchito a Army Transport Service) ndi ogwira ntchito zachipatala, ndipo Navy inkagwira ntchito pa Zombo Zitatu za Chipatala ( Comfort, Hope ndi Mercy ) zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Navy koma Dipatimenti ya Zamankhwala ya Army. Komabe, monga taonera, sitima zapamadzi zogwiritsira ntchito maboti a Navy ndi Army zosiyana siyana - sitima za kuchipatala zapamadzi zapamadzi zinkakhala ndi zipatala zokonzedwa kuti ziwonongeke kuchokera ku nkhondo komanso zimaperekanso chithandizo chothandizira magulu achipatala am'tsogolo, pamene sitima zapachipatala makamaka magalimoto opita kuchipatala omwe akufuna kuti atuluke odwala kuchokera kuchipatala chakumbuyo kwa zipatala kumbuyo komweko (kapena kuchokera ku United States) ndipo sadapangidwe kapena kuthandizidwa kuti athetse nkhanza zazikulu zowonongeka.
Zombo zambiri zamagalimoto za ku United States zinayamba monga ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndipo zinakonzedwanso kuti zikhale sitima zachipatala. Mabwato atatu a Navy Hospital (AH-6 USS Chitonthozo , AH-7 USS Hope ndi AH-8 USS Mercy ) ndiwo zombo zokha zomwe zinamangidwa monga sitima zamagalimoto za zombo za US Army - Sitima zapachipatala zokwana 24 za US Army zinatembenuzidwa kuchokera ku zina mitundu ya zombo. Sitima zitatu za Navy zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ankhondo zinkagwira ntchito m'nyanja ya Pacific panthawi ya WWII, pamene ngalawa zankhondo 24 zinatumikira koyamba ku malo otchedwa Atlantic Theaters, ndipo ena adachotsedwa ku Pacific, pomwe ena adachotsedwa pamene sankafunikira kuti achoke ku Ulaya Masewera. Pamapeto a WWII, Navy inali ndi Sitima Zachipatala 15 zomwe zikugwira ntchito.
Chifukwa chake, sitimayo zina za chipatala cha Navy zinali zombo zam'mbuyomo. Mwachitsanzo, nkhondo ya Spain ndi America itayamba [1896], sitimayo ya John Englis inagulidwa ndi asilikali a United States kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati sitima ya chipatala, ndipo amatchedwanso Chithandizo . Mu 1902, Navy adapeza chombocho ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito monga USS Relief mpaka 1918, pamene adatchulidwanso kuti Athandizidwe kuti alole dzina la Thandizo kuti liperekedwe ku AH-1 USS Relief .
Masiku ano Zikusowa Maselo Achipatala
Ngakhale masiku ano, United States Navy imagwira ntchito zombo ziwiri zokha zoperekedwa kuchipatala (T-AH-19 USNS Mercy ndi T-AH-20 USNS Comfort), sitima zachipatala / zamatenda za mitundu zambiri zakhala mbali ya United States Navy kuyambira 1801 ( Msilikali wa Navy anagwiritsira ntchito Shipatala Yoyamba ya Chipatala muzaka za nkhondo ya Tripolitan [1801-1805]). Chilimbikitso ndi Chifundo zonse zimagwira ntchito ku US Military Sealift Command (MSC). Zombozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zimayenda, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito zapamadzi, kapena CIVMAR. Awa ndi antchito a boma a federal omwe amapita ntchito yapamwamba ya Navy. Izi ndi ngalawa za boma za United States zomwe zimathandizira asilikali omenyana ndi nkhondo ku Navy padziko lonse lapansi. Lamulo la Navy liri ndi udindo pa chipatala ndipo ndi antchito.
Chilimbikitso cha USNS ndi Chifundo nthawi zambiri zimakhala pansi ndi anthu ochepa ogwira ntchito. Kawirikawiri padzakhala 18 CIVMAR ndi pafupi 50 ogwira ntchito ku chipatala cha Navy kuti apitirize sitimayo "kukhala okonzeka". Zitatero, sitimayo idzawonjezera ma CIVMAR oposa 60 ndi ogwira ntchito zamankhwala zikwi chikwi ndikupereka thandizo kulikonse kumene kuli kofunikira. Chifundo cha USNS chinachokera ku San Diego California. The USNS Comfort imachokera ku Norfolk, Virginia.
Sitima Zachipatala Zamagulu