Bwerani mudzawone chomwe lingaliro la US likukhudza kufanana kwa amuna ndi akazi
Phunziro lapadera la nkhani yosiyiranayi, akatswiri atatu adanena kuti panali kusintha kwakukulu pakati pa maudindo pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kuyambira mu 1968 mpaka m'ma 1980, koma kuyambira nthawi imeneyo akazi sanawoneretu pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kuntchito, olamulira ndi kulipira chilungamo. Mchaka cha 2012 CCF inanena kuti kutsogoloku kunasintha pang'ono, malinga ndi David A. Cotter, pulofesa ndi wotsogolera zachikhalidwe pa Union College; Joan M. Hermsen, pulofesa wina wothandizana ndi anthu pa yunivesite ya Missouri; ndi Reeve Vanneman, pulofesa wa zaumulungu ku yunivesite ya Maryland. Izi zapezeka pamene manambala alowa mu mayankho ochokera ku 2000-2010.
"Sitikudziwa ngati padzakhalanso patsogolo mtsogolo, koma pakadali pano zikuonekeratu kuti ngakhale kuti kusintha kwazimayi sikunasinthidwe, kumayimitsidwa pazigawo zingapo - ndipo pakadali njira yayitali, "iwo analemba.
Kenaka zaka ziwiri kenako mu 2014 komanso a 2015 apolisi adapeza kuti kuyambira mu 2006 thandizo la kulingana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi linayamba kubwerera.
Lipoti lawo la 2014 linati,
"Ngakhale kuti chithandizo chokwanira pakati pa amai ndi amai chikupezeka pakati pa zaka zikwizikwi, amuna ndi akazi a misinkhu yonse, omasuka komanso ogwiritsira ntchito ntchito, akhala akuwonjezeka kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000. Ndipotu, kuthandizira kulingana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kusiyana ndi ufulu, ngakhale kuti zithandizo zawo zonse zakhalabe zochepa. "
Ntchito Amayi Amavomerezedwa Tsopano Kuposa Kale
Chizindikiro chokha m'mabuku osiyaniranachi chikukhudzana ndi kuvomereza amayi ogwira ntchito. Kwa mayi aliyense wogwira ntchito amene adapirira ndemanga zowopsya za kusiya ana ake kapena kuyesetsa kuti azikwanitsa ntchito ndi kunyumba, werengani.
Olemba atatuwa ananena kuti General Society Survey akufunsa za zotsatira za amayi omwe amagwira ntchito kwa ana omwe akupeza thandizo lothandizira amayi ogwira ntchito kuyambira m'ma 1970 mpaka m'ma 1980, koma adayamba kuchepa kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. "M'chaka cha 1977, oposa theka la anthu omwe anafunsidwawo anawona kuti amayi akugwira ntchito yovulaza ana. Pofika chaka cha 1994, chiwerengerochi chinafika pa 30 peresenti, koma pofika chaka cha 2000, chiwerengero cha anthu makumi asanu ndi atatu (38%) chinawonjezeka.
"Komabe, panthawiyi, chiwerengero cha azimayi ogwira ntchito akugwira ntchito zaka zambiri zazaka za m'ma 2100, povomerezedwa ndi 2010, 72 peresenti ya anthu a ku America adavomereza kuti 'mayi wogwira ntchito angathe kukhazikitsa otentha ndi otetezeka. Kukhala paubwenzi ndi ana ake ngati amayi omwe sagwira ntchito, 'ndipo 65 peresenti adanena kuti ana a sukulu sakanatha kuvutika ngati amayi awo ankagwira ntchito kunja kwa nyumba.
Kubwerera mu 1977, anthu a ku America anafunsidwa kuti, 'Zili bwino kwa aliyense wogwira ntchito ngati mwamunayo [anali] kunja kwa nyumba ndipo mkaziyo [amasamalira] nyumba ndi banja ,' 66 peresenti ya a ku America anagwirizana ndipo 34 peresenti yokha sanagwirizane.
"Zotsatira izi zinasinthidwa ndi 1994, ndipo 34 peresenti yokha amavomereza kuti kukonzekera kwaukwati koteroko kunali bwino ndipo 66 peresenti satsutsana," olembawo analemba. Kenaka mu 2000, kuchuluka kwa kusagwirizana kunachepera 60 peresenti, kuwonjezeka kwa 64 peresenti mu 2010, koma, ndipo pano ndi uthenga wabwino, yankho lagwedezeka nthawi zonse pa 68 peresenti mu 2012 {whoot !!}.
Pali chifukwa cha Pay Gap
Chikhalidwe choyambirira chikuwonekera pa maudindo ofanana ndi amuna. "Tikayang'ana kusiyana pakati pa 1950 ndi lero, zikhoza kuwoneka kuti tili pakati pa kusintha kosasinthika ndi kosasinthika pa maudindo ndi maubwenzi," analemba motero.
"Mu 1950, amayi ocheperapo 30 peresenti ankagwira ntchito kunja kwa nyumba, ndipo mkazi yemwe ankagwira ntchito nthawi zonse anali ndi ndalama zokwana 59 sentikonse pa dola iliyonse yomwe amapeza.
"Ngakhale kuti malipiro apakatikati a akazi omwe alipo pakati pa 35 ndi apakati ali tsopano ndi 93 peresenti ya amuna awo, kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi oposa 35-omwe angakhale okwatirana komanso kukhala ndi ana - amakhalabe aakulu."
Lipoti la 2014 la CCF, lolembedwa ndi Youngjoo Cha, Ph.D., pulofesa ku Indiana University, akuti chifukwa chake makampani amapindulitsa iwo omwe amagwira ntchito maola oposa 50 pa sabata. Kugwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso ndi kovuta kwa amayi ogwira ntchito chifukwa amakhala ndi maudindo a pabanja.
Phunziroli likupitiriza kunena kuti, " ntchito yowonjezereka ikuwerengera 10 peresenti ya malire a malipiro a amayi, zomwe zimachititsa kuti phindu la maphunziro a amayi likhale loyambira kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 1990. Coontz akuti," ngati olemba ntchito akupitirizabe kuti awononge antchito omwe sapanga ntchito pamwamba pa moyo wa banja, kuthandizidwa pagulu pophatikiza ntchito ndi banja kungagwe kachiwiri. "
Yang'anirani maudindo a amuna ndi akazi pa Market Labor
Poyang'ana kwambiri anthu ogwira ntchito ku America, kusiyana pakati pa maudindo a amuna ndi akazi kungawoneke ngati amayi ndi abambo amasankha kutenga nawo mbali pa msika wa antchito. Kuchokera m'ma 1960 mpaka m'ma 1980, amayi ambiri adalowa m'banjamo, ndipo chiwerengero chawo chinayamba kuchoka pa 44 peresenti mu 1962 mpaka 74 peresenti mu 1990. Koma pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono zaka za m'ma 1990 zinatha pang'onopang'ono m'ma 2000, zikukwera mpaka 78% 2000 ndi kubwereranso ku 76 peresenti pofika mu 2010.
Zaka zaposachedwapa, amayi sakuyenda patsogolo pomwe amuna akugwera m'mbuyo. "Kusinthika kwakukulu kwambiri pakati pa amayi ndi abambo ndikugwira nawo ntchito pakati pa 1962 ndi 1990, ndipo kusintha kwakukulu pakati pa abambo ndi amai kuyambira 2000 sikunayambe chifukwa cha kupitilira kwa amayi kuchitapo kanthu koma kupitiriza kuchepa pakati pa ntchito ya abambo, yomwe idagwa pa 97 peresenti mu 1962 kufika pa 89 peresenti mu 2010, "anatero Cotter, Hermsen ndi Vanneman.
Ntchito Zogonana ndi Ntchito Zimene Timasankha
Poyang'ana kusiyana pakati pa ntchito zomwe abambo ndi amai amasankha, olembawo adapeza kutseka kwa mpata m'ma 1960, 70 ndi 80. "Komabe, panopa kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kunachepetsedwa kwambiri m'ma 1990 ndi onse koma anaimitsa nthawi yochokera ku 2000-2010," analemba choncho. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani kuti galasilo mumalonda a America, mumapeza "pakati pa mameneja, kuimirira kwa amayi kukuwonjezeka ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi pachaka m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, koma ndi magawo atatu okha pa zaka khumi za m'ma 1990 ndi awiri okha m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za m'zaka za zana la 21. "
Mukamayang'ana momwe ntchito zimagwirira ntchito pazinthu za amayi, zambiri zapitazo zakhala zikugwira ntchito zapakatikati. "Kugwira ntchito m'kalasi kumakhala kogawanika lero monga momwe zinalili mu 1950 ndipo zakhala zosiyana kwambiri kuyambira 1990," adatero.
"Zomwezo zikhoza kuwonetsedwa m'mabungwe a akuluakulu a koleji - kupita patsogolo mofulumira m'zaka za m'ma 1970 ndikumangidwanso pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1980. Muzinthu zina, akazi adataya pansi kuyambira m'ma 1980," analemba motero. Akazi amapatsidwa magawo 14 peresenti ya madigiri a sayansi komanso za sayansi mu 1970. Gawo lazimayi lawonjezeka katatu, mpaka 37 peresenti mu 1985. "Koma pofika chaka cha 2008 akazi anali ndi madigiri 18 peresenti m'mundawu," adatero.
Ambiri amavomereza kuti CCF apanga ali ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana. Msewu wofanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi udzakhala wautali ndipo sudzachitika mwadzidzidzi. Pali zifukwa zambiri zoyenera kuziganizira komanso ndondomeko zidzasintha pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zatsopano zothandizira zidzakhala pang'onopang'ono kutembenuka (monga kusamalira mwana wamkulu). Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti pakhala paliponse ndipo pali chiyembekezo chakuti tsiku lina kufanana kwa amuna ndi akazi kudzachitika.
Kusinthidwa ndi Elizabeth McGrory