UCMJ: Nkhani 120: Chidziwitso cha chigwirizano ndi chidziwitso
A. "Munthu aliyense amene ali pamutu uno yemwe amachita chiwerewere ndi mphamvu koma popanda chilolezo, ali ndi chigamulo chogwirira ndipo adzawalangidwa ndi imfa kapena chilango china monga momwe makhothi amatha kuwatsogolera."
B. Munthu aliyense wogonjera mutu uno yemwe, pokhapokha ngati sakugwiriridwa, amachita chiwerewere ndi munthu-
- yemwe si mwamuna wake; ndi
- amene sanafike zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, ali ndi chidziwitso chachithupithupi ndipo adzalangidwa monga momwe makhothi amatha kuwatsogolera.
C. Kulowerera, ngakhale pang'ono, kumakwanira kukwaniritsa zina mwazolakwazi.
Potsutsa potsatira ndime (b), ndizowonjezera kuti-
Wosunthidwa ali ndi udindo woonetsetsa chitetezo pansi pa ndime (d) (1) mwa kusagwirizana kwa umboni.
- munthu yemwe woweruzidwayo anachita naye kugonana anali ndi nthawi yomwe adakhumudwitse zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, ndipo
- Woweruzayo amakhulupirira kuti munthuyo anali ndi nthawi yomwe anali ndi zaka 16.
Zinthu
1. Kubwezera .
- Kuti woimbidwa mlandu anachita chiwerewere; ndi
- Kuti kuchita zachiwerewere kunkachitika mwamphamvu ndipo popanda chilolezo.
2. Chidziwitso .
- Kuti woweruzidwa anachita chiwerewere ndi munthu wina;
- Kuti munthuyo sanali womunamizira; ndi
- Kuti pa nthawi yogonana munthuyu anali ndi zaka zoposa 16.
Kufotokozera
1. Kubwezera .
- Chikhalidwe chokhumudwitsa . Kubwezera ndi kugonana ndi munthu, kuphedwa mwa mphamvu ndipo popanda chilolezo cha wogwidwayo. Zitha kuchitidwa kwa wozunzidwa wa msinkhu uliwonse. Kulowa mkati, ngakhale pang'ono, kumakwanira kuthetsa cholakwacho.
- Kulimbikitsana ndi kusowa kwa chilolezo . Kulimbikitsana ndi kusowa kwa chilolezo ndizofunikira ku zolakwa. Choncho, ngati wolakwiridwayo avomera kuchita, sakugwiriridwa. Kuperewera kwa chilolezo kumafuna, komabe, sikumangokhala kungopeza chidziwitso. Ngati wozunzidwa ali ndi malingaliro ake amalepheretsa kusabvomerezeka kumawoneka mwakutenga njira zotha kukana monga momwe akufunira ndi zochitika, chidziwitso chikhoza kutengeka kuti wogonjerayo avomereza. Komabe, chivomerezo sichingatheke ngati kukana kukanakhala kopanda pake, kumene kukana kukugonjetsedwa ndi kuopsezedwa ndi imfa kapena kuvulazidwa kwakukulu, kapena pamene wodwala sangathe kukana chifukwa cha kusowa kwa maganizo kapena thupi. Zikachitika choncho palibe chilolezo ndipo mphamvu yomwe ikukhudzidwa kulowa mkati idzakhala yochuluka. Mavuto onse ozunguliridwa ayenera kuganiziridwa kuti awonetse ngati woperedwayo wapereka chilolezo, kapena ngati walephera kapena kuti asiye kukana chifukwa choopa imfa kapena kuvulazidwa. Ngati pali chilolezo chenichenicho, ngakhale kuti chinapezedwa ndichinyengo, chigamulo sichigwiriridwa, koma ngati wozunzidwayo ali ndi malingaliro osadziwika bwino kapena osadziŵa kanthu mpaka kumuthandiza kuti asalole, chigwiriro ndi chigwiriro. Chimodzimodzinso, kuvomereza kwa mwana wamtundu wotere kotero kuti sangathe kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha chochitikacho sivomerezedwa.
- Chikhalidwe cha owonedwa. Onani Mil. R. Evid. 412, ponena za malamulo a umboni wokhudzana ndi chigamulo chogwiriridwa.
2. Chidziwitso . "Chidziwitso chachidziwitso" ndi kugonana panthawi yomwe sichigwiriridwa, ndi munthu yemwe sali womunamizira komanso yemwe sanafike zaka 16. Kulowa mkati, ngakhale pang'ono, kumakwanira kuthetsa cholakwacho. Ndilo chitetezo, komabe yemwe woweruzidwa ayenera kutsimikizira mwa kunyalanyaza kwa umboni, kuti pa nthawi ya kugonana, munthu yemwe woweruzidwayo anachita naye kugonana anali ndi zaka 12, ndi kuti wotsutsidwayo amakhulupirira kuti munthu yemweyo anali ndi zaka 16.
Zolakwa Zochepa Zochepa
1. Kubwezera .
- Mutu 128 -chisankho; chiwonongeko chogwedezeka ndi batri
- Mutu 134-kumenya ndi cholinga chogwirira
- Ndime 134-zosautsa
- Mutu 80 -nthawi
- Nkhani 120 (b) -dzidziwitso
2. Chidziwitso .
- Mutu 134 - zochita zochepa kapena ufulu ndi munthu wopitirira zaka 16
- Nkhani 80-kuyesera
Chilango Chachikulu
- Kubwezera . Imfa kapena chilango chofanana ndi khothi-milandu ikhoza kutsogolera.
- Kudziwa zachinsinsi ndi mwana yemwe, panthawi ya kulakwitsa, adakwanitsa zaka 12 . Kutaya kosasinthika, kuchotsedwa kwa malipiro onse ndi malipiro, ndi kutsekeredwa kundende zaka 20.
- Chidziwitso cha mwana wamwamuna wosapitirira zaka 12 pa nthawi ya kulakwitsa. Kutaya kosasinthika, kutayidwa kwa malipiro onse ndi malipiro, ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende kwa moyo popanda kulandirira ufulu.
Nkhani Yotsatira: Mutu 121 - Kugawa kosayenera ndi kolakwika
Mfundo Zapamwamba kuchokera ku Buku la Malamulo ku Khothi Lalikulu, 2002, Chaputala 4, Ndime 45