Zida Zopanga Ngongole ndi Mitundu Yachibwano
Makampani azachuma amadziwika kuti akusintha mosalekeza. Kuthamanga kwa ndalama zatsopano kungakhale kosalekeza, makamaka mu chitukuko chatsopano cha mankhwala ndi mu kugulitsa mankhwala .
Pakalipano, malondawo akutsutsidwa, makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuti zinthu zatsopano zisamveke panthawi yomwe adayambitsidwa, nthawi zina ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka zaka zambiri pamsewu. Izi ndizo makamaka ndi magulu onse a zopezera ngongole zatsopano, zida zongofuna ngongole, ndi mtundu wamagulu.
01 Maboma Ovuta
Mavuto a masautso ndi mitundu yatsopano ya ngongole yomwe imakhala ngati ngongole yobwezera ngongole mpaka nthawi ya tsoka lachilengedwe, ndiye kuti zimakhala zovuta kupha inshuwalansi zomwe zimapereka mphotho.
02 Udindo Wolipira Ngongole
Udindo Wopereka Ngongole, kapena CDO, ndi mtundu wa ngongole yotetezedwa yomwe imathandizidwa ndi zina zolipira ngongole. Zokongoletsera zomangidwa pazikakamizo, ngati mukufuna.
03 Udindo Wosungitsa Malonda
Udindo Wowongoleredwa, kapena CLO, ndizosiyana pa lingaliro la Mgwirizano wa Ngongole, kapena CDO. Komabe, nthawiyi, chinthu choyambirira sichigulitsa malonda.
Ntchito Yopereka Ngongole Yopambana
Ndalama Yopereka Ngongole Yogulitsa, kapena CMO, ndiyo mawonekedwe a Mgwirizano Wosungitsa Malonda, kapena CLO, yomwe imamangidwa pamadzi a ngongole, kawirikawiri ndalama zogulira nyumba.
05 Zolemba Zobisika
Mabungwe Ovomerezedwa akhala akufala ku Ulaya kwa nthawi yayitali, koma posachedwapa wayamba kuperekedwa ku United States. Ngakhale kuti ali ndi kufanana kwenikweni ndi Udindo Wosungidwa Pakhomo, kapena CMO, pali kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumachepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo kwa mwiniwakeyo. Ndipotu, otsutsa za mgwirizano woterewu ndi momwe chikhalidwe chawo chimayambira ku chiopsezo chochepa komanso khalidwe lapamwamba lonse.
06 Ndalama Zosintha Zosintha
Kusintha kwachinsinsi, kapena CDS, si chida chokwanira ngongole payekha. M'malo mwake, ndi zosiyanasiyana inshuwalansi mbiri. Muvuto lachuma ca 2008, mavuto ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa CDS, komanso kuthekera kwa maphwando kukwaniritsa zofuna zawo, zinali zowonjezereka komanso zowonjezera mavuto a zachuma.
07 Kufa Kwabedi
Zokakamiza zapachibale zimayikidwa muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zachuma zomwe zakusamalira olamulira . Ndondomekozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu oganiza bwino omwe amayesera kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano ogwirizana omwe akukonzekera kuti aziwakonda kwambiri omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri.
08 Junk Bond Finance
Bungwe la Junk Bond Finance, pogwiritsa ntchito ngongole yowonjezera yowonjezerapo ndalama zowonjezera, inakhala nkhani yowopsya m'ma 1980, kenaka idagonjetsedwa, komabe imakhala ndi malo ofunika kwambiri mu ndalama.
09 Kutetezedwa Kwambiri Kwambiri
Kukonzekera Kwothandizira Kwawo, kapena MBS, ndizokwanira kwa ngongole zothandizidwa ndi ndalama zapakhomo. Zonsezi zimagwirizanitsa ndi Ntchito Yokakamizidwa Yopereka Ngongole, kapena CMO.
10 Kunyumba Kwamalonda Kwambiri Kulipira Malonda
Kampani Yopereka Ngongole Yogulitsa Ngongole, kapena REMIC, imagwiritsanso ntchito chimodzimodzi, kulankhulana, kuti ikhale yodalirika, kapena CMO, ndi Security Backeded Security, kapena MBS.
11 Sukuk
Mmodzi mwa akuluakulu apamwamba omwe akuyendetsa ndalama za Chisilamu ndikupewa kulipira kapena kusonkhanitsa chidwi. Pofuna kulimbikitsa osamalima olemera ndi azimayi osungira ndalama, amatha kupanga zida zosiyanasiyana za ndalama zomwe zimagwira ntchito imodzimodzi monga zolimbitsa ngongole ndi zina zothandizira ngongole, koma zomwe sizinalipidwe. Sukuk ndilo liwu loyimira mitundu yambiri ya zowonjezera ngongole zomwe zakhala zikukonzedwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zikhalidwe za ndalama za Islamic.
12 Kutha
Zitetezo zosiyanasiyana za ngongole zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambazi zigawidwa mu zomwe zimatchedwa magawo osiyanasiyana. Zida za ngongolezi zikuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo:
- Udindo Wopereka Ngongole, kapena CDO
- Udindo Wokongoletsedwa, kapena CLO
- Udindo Wosungidwa Pakhomo, kapena CMO
- Kutetezedwa Kwambiri Kwambiri, kapena MBS
- Kampani Yopereka Ngongole Yogulitsa Nyumba, kapena REMIC
Chigawo chilichonse chimakhala ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, ndi maonekedwe osiyana / omwe amabwera pobwerera kuchokera kwa abale ake omwe amachokera ku dziwe lomwelo la pansi. Pemphani kuti mupeze zambiri.