ETOPS, kapena Ntchito Zowonjezereka kapena Ntchito Zowonjezera Zowonjezera , imalongosola mtundu wa ntchito zomwe ogwira ntchito pamlengalenga amaloledwa kuthamanga kutalika kwa malo omwe ndege ndi malo okhalapo ndi ochepa, monga misewu yayitali pamwamba pa nyanja (ngakhale ETOPS siikwanira Maulendo ozungulira nyanja.) Otsatira awa angakhale ataletsedwa ndi FAR Part 121.161, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamalole kuyenda pamtunda, ndipo ETOPS ndi mwayi wapadera kapena kutaya lamulo lomwe linaperekedwa ndi FAA lolembedwa mu FAR Part 121.161 ( Onani pansipa).
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ETOPS imafotokozedwa
Mu AC-120-42B , FAA ikufotokoza ETOPS monga:
Opaleshoni ya ndege yopita ndege imene mbali ina ya ndegeyo imatha kupitirira mphindi 60 kuchokera ku eyapoti yokwanira ya ndege zopanga injini ndi injini ziwiri, ndi kupitirira mphindi 180 ndege zonyamulira njinga zamagetsi zoposa ma injini awiri . Mtunda uwu umatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito injini imodzi yovomerezeka yomwe imagwira ntchito mofulumira pazomwe zimakhala pansi pamlengalenga.
Mwachidule, ETOPS inabwera chifukwa cha FAR Part 121.161 kuti alole ndege zithawuluke njira zomwe zingakhale zosemphana ndi malamulo pa Gawo 121.
CFR Chigawo 121.161
Makamaka, CFR Part 121.161 imanena izi:
"... palibe chiphaso chomwe chingagwiritse ntchito ndege yopangira mpweya pamsewu womwe uli ndi mfundo:
Kutalika kuposa nthawi youluka kuchokera ku Airport Yoyenera (pa injini imodzi yomwe imatha kugwira ntchito mofulumira mofulumira pansi pazomwe zimakhazikika mu mpweya womwewo) wa mphindi 60 ndege ya injini ziwiri kapena 180 mphindi ya ndege yonyamula anthu okhala ndi injini zopitirira ziwiri. "
Poyamba, ETOPS yodziwika bwino idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza ndege 121 yokha ndi injini ziwiri. Kuyambira pachiyambi, malamulo a ETOPS athandizidwa kuti aphatikize ndege ziwiri, zitatu kapena zinayi zomwe zimanyamula anthu ogwira ntchito pa ngongole kudera limene ndege zazing'ono sizikupezeka pa malamulo a FAA , motero mawuwo amamasuliridwa kuchokera ku "mapasa opitilira" mpaka "ntchito zowonjezereka."
Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1936, woyendetsa ndege kapena woyendetsa ndege ayenera kutsimikizira kuti pali malo abwino okhazikika pamtunda wa makilomita 100 pamsewu wawo. Pamene CFR Part 121.161 inakhazikitsidwa mu 1953, oyendetsa ndege amayenera kuonetsetsa kuti malo okwera pansi amatha mphindi makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Ndi ndege zitatu ndi zinayi, malamulowa adasintha kuti oyendetsa ndege aziyenda mofulumira pamene kusunga ukonde wa ndege kukanatha.
Chivomerezo choyamba cha ETOPS chinaperekedwa kwa TWA mu 1985, chaka chomwecho FAA inayamba kulola ndege zamapiko awiri kuti zikhale zowonjezereka kwa mphindi khumi ndi ziwiri. Icho chinakambidwanso kwina kwa mphindi ya 180 mu 1988.
Lero, ulamuliro wa ETOPS wa maminiti 240 umavomerezedwa muzochitika zina kwa jets zitatu ndi zinayi. Boeing anali woyamba kupeza certification ETOPS-240 pa ndege zake za Boeing 777.
Kuti ndege iliyonse iwonongeke pansi pa malamulo a ETOPS, iyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi FAA poyamba. Ndondomeko yovomerezeka ya ETOPS yatchulidwa muzowunikira 120-42B.
Zinyamulidwe pogwiritsa ntchito ndege zamapiko awiri zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiritso cha ETOPS mwazinthu izi, monga AC-120-42B:
- Mphindi 75 ETOPS
- ETOPS ya mphindi 90
- ETOPS ya mphindi 120
- Mphindi 138 ETOPS
- Mphindi 180 ETOPS
- Mphindi 207 ETOPS
- Mphindi 240 ETOPS (kwa malo ena enieni)
- Mphindi 240+ ETOPS (zochokera pa awiri awiri a mumzinda)