Ŵerengani za Wofufuza wa Printing Press
Kutulukira kwa Bukhu
Mosasamala kanthu za chikhalidwe cha Gutenberg monga chitsimikiziro cha buku la masiku ano - Magazini ya Time yotchedwa "Munthu wa Millenium" mu 1999-yochepa imadziwika bwino za moyo wake.
Moyo wa Gutenberg
Johann Gutenberg anabadwira m'banja lapamwamba la osula golidi ku Mainz, ku Germany pafupi ndi 1395. Zambiri zomwe timadziwa zokhudza moyo wa Gutenberg ndizolembedwa m'malamulo a nthawi yake. Mwachitsanzo, adalonjeza kuti adzakwatira kapena kukwatiwa koma sanatero, ndipo adamtengera kukhoti; ndipo anali ndi ngongole kuchokera ku zomwe zinkawoneka ngati chuma chofulumira-chodzidzimutsa chokhudza kugulitsa ziboliboli kwa olambira achipembedzo.
Zomwe zimapezeka m'mabukuwa komanso malemba ena komanso kafukufuku wophunzira kwambiri zimasonyeza kuti Gutenberg anali munthu wofunitsitsa kudzipereka kuti agwiritse ntchito mapepala osindikizidwa, wolemba ndalama amene anabwereka ndalama kuti awone ntchito yake mpaka pomaliza. Ankabisala kwambiri maganizo ake pamene anali akukula.
Munthu wina amene anabwereka Gutenberg ndalama zambiri anali Johann Fust. Fust potsiriza anadzudzula kuti abwererenso ndalama zake ndi chiwongoladzanja chokwanira ndipo zikuwoneka kuti atenga makina apachiyambi, omwe adayikidwa monga cholandira.
Gutenberg anapitiriza ntchito yosindikizira ndipo zikuoneka kuti apitirizabe kusindikiza njira zosindikizira kuti zikhale zothandiza. Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, anapatsidwa ndalama kuchokera kwa bishopu wamkulu wa Mainz kuti adye chakudya ndi zovala, poti ankakhala ndi moyo masiku ake.
Njira za Printing Gutenberg
Malingaliro ena akuti Gutenberg akuyang'ana njira zogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo mu bizinesi ya banja la golide anapatsa luso lofunikira kuti apange makalata, omwe angagwiritsire ntchito, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito zitsulo - "mitundu yosuntha" -kuyika masamba.
Ngakhale Achi Chinese anagwiritsira ntchito mawonekedwe oyendetsa pafupifupi zaka mazana asanu m'mbuyomo ndipo anapitiriza kupititsa patsogolo njira zawo, zoletsedwa za chinenero, chipembedzo, chikhalidwe, ndi zipangizo zomwe zinapangitsa kuti lusolo lisagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kaya Gutenberg ali ndi maganizo otani, amayenera kugwira ntchito mwakhama m'nkhani zosiyanasiyana-zomwe tikudziŵa panopo monga zamagetsi ndi zipangizo zamakina-kutulutsa makina osindikizira kuti agwiritse ntchito.
Mtundu wake wachitsulo unayenera kuti apangidwe ndi inks zatsopano, zomwe zikanamatira. Chinkafunikanso kuti pakhale chida chomwe chingawononge- "kukanikiza" -yinki yomwe ili pamasamba. Akuganiza kuti Gutenberg ankagwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira kuti asindikize mabuku ake. Zipangizo zofananako zinali panthaŵi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pepala ndi kusindikiza mphesa vinyo.
Kusintha kwa mapepala kunabweretsa ndalama zambiri ndipo papepalayi ndi chinthu chothandizira mabuku, komanso ndalama kuposa vellum.
Mabaibulo a Gutenberg
Mabaibulo a Gutenberg, omwe amayamba zaka 1450, amaonedwa kuti ndiwo mabuku oyambirira omwe amasindikizidwa kudziko lakumadzulo ndipo, ngakhale kuti alibe dzina la wosindikiza paliponse m'magawuni, amatchedwa Gutenberg yoyamba yosindikizira.
Ambiri mwa awa ndi omwe amakhala ndi Morgan Library ndi Museum mumzinda wa New York ndipo nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa.
Cholowa cha Gutenberg
Asanayambe kupanga makina osindikizira, mabuku analipo mu fomu ya codex ; ndiko kuti, mabuku anali okopera pamanja ndipo Baibulo likanatenga zaka ziwiri kuti libale. Ambiri mwa anthu onse adawona bukhu-lomwe ndilo Baibulo lokha mu tchalitchi, ndipo onse koma olemera ndi ophunzira adayenera kuyendera kuti ayang'ane malemba owerengeka monga Homer's Illiad .
Pamene buku lofalitsa mabuku linakhazikitsidwa monga bizinesi, buku loyamba la malonda linakhazikitsidwa ku Frankfurt, Germany, pafupi ndi Gutenberg komwe anasindikiza Baibulo lake loyambirira. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira ndi makina osindikizira kupanga mabuku mwamsanga kunapangitsa njira yopangira mabuku ndi mabuku ena owerengera, kuphatikizapo makalata ofalitsa mabuku awa oyambirira-buku loyamba logulitsa !
Zosindikizidwa zimagwidwa mofulumira monga njira yolankhulirana. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, malingaliro amatha kufotokozedwa pamagulu a anthu onse monga mawonekedwe a osindikizidwa, ndipo kusindikiza mabuku kunapangitsa chidziwitso, malingaliro ndi chikhalidwe kufalitsa mofulumira kuposa kale lonse.
Werengani zambiri za apainiya muzinthu zamalonda, Barnes & Noble a Len Riggio ndi Jeff Bezos ndi Amazon.com .