Amayi Amalonda kuntchito
Ndikuwomba ndikutamanda kupambana kwa ntchito kwa akazi a bizinesi awa ndikuyembekeza anthu onse kuphunzira kuchokera ku nzeru zawo ndi mapindu awo. Zoonadi, ena mwa akaziwa ndi anzanga.
Thanthwe!
Komabe, chikuchitika ndi chiyani kwa amayi ena onse ogwira ntchito? Chofunika kwambiri, kodi tsogolo la amai amalonda kuntchito ndi chiyani?
Kodi mukufuna kudziwa zomwe akazi apindula tsopano ndi zomwe zam'tsogolo zimagwira akazi ndi ntchito? Tiyeni tipange khungu lathu la kristalo ndikupanga maulosi angapo potsata ziŵerengero zamakono ndi zowoneka za akazi ndi ntchito. Ndikuwonetsani nthawiyo ndikuwerengera zam'tsogolo za amai ndi ntchito. Ndikuwonetsanso zolinga ndi malingaliro othandizira olemba ntchito kuti apitirize kukwaniritsa izi kwa amayi kuntchito. Pitirizani kuwerenga.
Ndi chiani chiwerengero cha akazi ogwira ntchito?
Pakali pano:
"Mu 1950, amayi pafupifupi atatu mwa asanu ndi mmodzi aliwonse ogwira ntchito anali ogwira ntchito. Pakati pa amayi a zaka 16 ndi kupitirira, chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira nawo ntchito chinali 33.9 peresenti mu 1950, poyerekeza ndi 59.8 peresenti mu 1998.
63.3 peresenti ya amayi a zaka zapakati pa 16 ndi 24 anagwira ntchito mu 1998 poyerekeza ndi 43.9 peresenti mu 1950.
76.3 peresenti ya amayi a zaka zapakati pa 25 ndi 34 anagwira ntchito mu 1998 poyerekeza ndi 34.0 peresenti mu 1950.
Azimayi 77.1 peresenti ya akazi a zaka zapakati pa 35 ndi 44 anagwira ntchito mu 1998 poyerekeza ndi 39.1 peresenti mu 1950.
76.2 peresenti ya amayi a zaka zapakati pa 45 ndi 54 anagwira ntchito mu 1998 poyerekeza ndi 37.9 peresenti mu 1950.
51.2 peresenti ya amayi a zaka zapakati pa 55 mpaka 64 amagwira ntchito mu 1998 poyerekeza ndi 27 peresenti mu 1950.
8.6 peresenti ya akazi a zaka 65+ anagwira ntchito mu 1998 poyerekezera ndi 9.7 peresenti mu 1950.
Gwero: US Department of Labor: Kusintha kwa Ntchito ya Akazi
Pakali pano:
"Pamene amayi ambiri akuwonjezeredwa kuntchito, gawo lawo lidzayandikira la amuna. Mu 2008, amayi azitha 48 peresenti ya antchito ndi amuna 52. Mu 1988, magawo awo anali 45 ndi 55 peresenti. "
Gwero: US Department of Labor: Gawo la Akazi la Ogwira Ntchito
Akazi ndi Absenteeism
Pakali pano:
Monga momwe mungayembekezere chifukwa cha nkhani zapakhomo ndi za banja, "mu 1998, pafupifupi 4 peresenti ya antchito a nthawi zonse sankakhala pantchito yawo pa sabata yantchito yochepa - kutanthauza kuti amagwira ntchito osachepera maola 35 sabata chifukwa cha kuvulala, matenda, kapena zifukwa zina zosiyana. Pafupifupi 5.1 peresenti ya amayi (kuphatikizapo 5,6 peresenti ya amayi a zaka zapakati pa 20 ndi 24) analibe mlungu umodzi, poyerekezera ndi 2.7 peresenti ya amuna Pakati pa iwo omwe analipo, akazi anali ochepa kwambiri chifukwa chosowa chifukwa Kupatulapo kuvulaza kapena matenda. Amayi amodzi mwa atatu aliwonse poyerekezera ndi kuchepa kwa amuna amodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse anapezeka chifukwa cha zifukwa zina. "
Gwero: US Department of Labor: Women's Absenteeism
Kulosera:
Chiwerengero cha amayi chidzapitirira kuwonjezeka kuntchito. Akazi adzapitiriza kukhala ndi udindo wapadera pa nkhani zapakhomo ndi za banja, zomwe zimakhudza kuchepa kwa ntchito.
Zimene Olemba Ntchito Angachite:
Olemba ntchito adzakakamizika kupereka njira zothandizira abambo kwa anthu ogwira ntchito omwe amafunikira kusinthasintha kwa kusamalira ana ndi kusamalira akulu. Njirazi zingakhalepo:
- kugawana ntchito ,
- ntchito ya nthawi yeniyeni,
- ogwira ntchito kuchokera kunyumba kapena telecommuting,
- nthawi yoyamba ndi nthawi yopuma komanso maola ogwira ntchito osinthika, komanso
- kupereka malipiro a nthawi ndi nthawi komanso ntchito zopanda malipiro za kusamalira ana komanso kusamalira akulu.
Ndondomeko zoyendetsera ntchito zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri zimayendetsa antchito oyenerera ndi odzipereka omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito omwe amathetsa mavuto a banja ndi chidziwitso komanso nkhawa.
Olemba ntchito ayenera kulimbikira kwambiri malangizo a Equal Employment Opportunity.
Iwo alipo kuti apange mgwirizano komanso olemba ntchito ambiri akuwagwiritsabe ntchito monga masewera a manambala chifukwa cha zofunikira zapoti.
Monga momwe bungwe la Women Employed Institute linalangizira, azimitsa amai kuzindikira ntchito zomwe zimapereka mwayi wapamwamba wopeza. Ntchito zambiri za amayi zimagwiridwa ntchito za "akazi" zomwe zimalipira bwino. Kulimbikitsa ndi kuphunzitsa amayi za mwayi umenewu kuti amai aziyesetsa kupeza mwayi wophunzira m'mabuku opambanawa.
Chikhalidwe, chomwe chimayang'anitsitsa zomwe amayi akupita kuntchito, adanena kuti pofika mu 1998, 2,7 peresenti yokha ya maofesi olemera kwambiri pa makampani a Fortune 500 anali akazi. Akazi akupitirizabe kulamulira malipiro otsika apakhomo, othandizira othandizira, komanso ntchito za boma.
Kenaka, tiwone momwe amayi apitira patsogolo muzopindula ndi maphunziro ndikuganiziranso mwayi wogwira ntchito kuti apitirize patsogolo.
Kodi Mukukhudzidwa ndi Mapindu a Akazi ndi Maphunziro?
"Akazi apakati pa mlungu wa zaka zapakati pa 35-44 monga chiwerengero cha amuna akuwonjezeka kuchoka pa 58.3 peresenti kufika 73.0 peresenti kuyambira 1979 mpaka 1993, kuwonjezeka kwa 14.7 peresenti.
Kumeneko kunalinso chiŵerengero cha chiŵerengero cha malipiro azimayi kwa amuna pakati pa zaka zapakati pa 45 ndi 54 kuyambira 1979 mpaka 1993. "
Kuchokera: US Department of Labor: Mapindu a Akazi
"Mu 1998, amayi omwe ali pantchito ndi maulendo apadera amapindula zambiri pa sabata kusiyana ndi akazi omwe amagwira ntchito zina.
Zomwe amapindula mlungu uliwonse mlungu uliwonse zinali 56 peresenti kuposa zazikulu, ogulitsa, ndi ogwira ntchito othandizira othandizira, gawo lotsatila. "
Kuchokera: US Department of Labor: Akazi ku Mtsogoleri, Ntchito Zophunzitsa Amapeza Zambiri
"Kuyang'ana pa malipiro a akazi pazaka 20 zapitazo kumaphatikizapo chithunzithunzi chosakanikirana cha kusintha. Kupeza malipiro kwa azimayi kwawonjezeka pafupifupi 14 peresenti kuyambira 1979, pamene amuna adakana ndi pafupifupi 7 peresenti.Koma pamene malipiro a amayi apindula poyerekeza ndi amuna, Akazi ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse adapeza zokwana 76 peresenti ya zomwe anthu adapeza mu 1998. Mapindu kwa amayi omwe ali ndi digiri ya koleji anawombera pafupifupi 22 peresenti pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, koma amayi omwe alibe maphunziro apamwamba, sanapite patsogolo . "
Chitsime: Monthly Labor Review Online , "Madalitso a Akazi," (December 1999).
"Azimayi omwe adagwira ntchito nthawi zonse pamalonda apadera amapindula $ 682 mu 1998, kuposa amayi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'gulu lina lalikulu la ntchito.
M'gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito, akazi omwe amagwira ntchito monga madokotala, apamadzi ndi amilandu anali ndi malipiro apamwamba kwambiri.
"Ntchito ya akazi pa ntchito zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi ndalama zambiri zawonjezeka. Mu 1998, antchito olemba malipiro a 46.4 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito, ogwira ntchito, komanso oyang'anira ntchito anali akazi, kuyambira 34.2 peresenti mu 1983, chaka choyamba chomwe Deta yofanana ikupezeka.
Panthawi imodzimodziyi, akazi monga chiwerengero cha akatswiri apadera adachokera pa 46,8 peresenti kufika 51.6 peresenti.
Mu 1983, amayi anali ndi 77.7 peresenti ya ntchito zothandizira; mu 1998, iwo anali ndi ntchito 76.3 peresenti ya ntchitozo. " Azimayi ankaimira 7,9 peresenti ya anthu ogwira ntchito mosamala, okonza ndi kukonza, mu 1983 ndi 1998.
Chitsime: US Department of Labor: Mfundo zazikulu za Zopindulitsa za Akazi
Pakali pano:
"Pakati pa ophunzira a sekondale ku 1998, amayi ambiri kuposa amuna omwe analembetsa ku koleji. Mu October, atsikana okwana 938,000 omwe anamaliza maphunziro a sekondale mu 1998 anali ku koleji ndipo anyamata 906,000 analembetsa." Chikhalidwe cha amayi ambiri omwe amapita ku koleji akupitiriza.
Gwero: US Department of Labor: Maphunziro a Akazi
Kulosera:
Kulipira kwa amayi kudzapitiriza kulimbikitsa amuna olipidwa kupeza ntchito zofanana, ngakhale pamene mayi ali ndi maphunziro ambiri. Chikhalidwe cha amayi ambiri omwe amapita ku koleji chidzapitirirabe, ngakhale ndidzayang'ana akuluakulu omwe akutsatira pambuyo pake. Maphunziro osankhidwa amakhudza malipiro awo onse komanso mwayi wawo wogwira ntchito.
Zimene Olemba Ntchito Angachite:
Olemba ntchito, makamaka ofunika, amafunika kudziŵa bwino za kusiyana kwa ndalama zomwe zilipo pakati pa abambo ndi amai omwe akuchita ntchito yofanana. Otsogolera, m'magulu onse, omwe amalamulira malipiro ndi bajeti, amafunika kudzipereka kulipira anthu, mosasamala za amuna, ndalama zofanana ndi ntchito zofanana.
Akazi ayenera kulankhulana ndi malo awo antchito. Ngati mkazi akudziwa kuti akupanga ndalama zochepa kusiyana ndi mwamuna, ndipo zina zonse zimawoneka zofanana, iye akuyenera kuti atenge mlandu wake kwa abwana ake ndi kwa Human Resources. Akhoza kuthandiza kukhazikitsa malo ogwira ntchito ogonana ndi abambo ndikudzikweza okha.
Olemba ntchito ayenera kulimbikira kwambiri malangizo a Equal Employment Opportunity. Iwo alipo kuti apange chiyanjano ndi olemba ambiri omwe akuwagwiritsabe ntchitobe ngati ali masewera a manambala chifukwa cha kufufuza ndi kukwaniritsa zofunikira.
Ndidzakhala wokondwa kwambiri kuona kudzipereka kwathunthu kuti ndikulipire anthu molingana ndi zopereka.
Monga momwe bungwe la Women Employed Institute linalangizira, azimitsa amai kuzindikira ntchito zomwe zimapereka mwayi wapamwamba wopeza. Ntchito zambiri za amayi zimagwiridwa ntchito za "akazi" zomwe zimalipira bwino. Kulimbikitsa ndi kuphunzitsa amayi za mwayi umenewu kuti amai aziyesetsa kupeza mwayi wophunzira m'mabuku opambanawa.
Chikhalidwe, chomwe chimayang'anitsitsa zomwe amayi akupita kuntchito, adanena kuti pofika mu 1998, 2,7 peresenti yokha ya maofesi olemera kwambiri pa makampani a Fortune 500 anali akazi. Akazi akupitirizabe kulamulira malipiro otsika apakhomo, othandizira othandizira, komanso ntchito za boma.
{p} Chotsatira, tiyeni tiwone chiwerengero cha amayi omwe akugwira ntchito mu sayansi ndi zamakono, ananenedweratu kupereka mwayi waukulu m'zaka makumi anayi. Kenako, tidzakambirana zomwe olemba ntchito angathe kuchita kuti alimbikitse amai kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchitoyi.
Mukudalira Akazi mu Sayansi ndi Zamakono?
"Malingana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anagwira ntchito yapamwamba (CPS) chaka cha 2001, mmodzi mwa khumi akupanga ntchito anali mkazi, pamene awiri mwa akatswiri a sayansi ya sayansi ndi akatswiri a sayansi anali akazi.Zina mwazipangizo zamagetsi, mafakitale, zamakina, ndi amisiri ntchito zomwe akazi anali oimira kwambiri kuposa azimayi onse azimayi.
Pakati pa asayansi a zachilengedwe, akazi amaimira 51.6 peresenti ya asayansi azachipatala ndi 44.4 peresenti ya sayansi ndi sayansi ya moyo, koma adawerengera mbali zing'onozing'ono za akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ndi azimayi (24.0 peresenti), akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi a sayansi (7,7 peresenti).
"Ntchito ya akazi yakhala ikugwira ntchito zambiri zomwe zikuwonetsa lonjezo la kukula kwa mtsogolo. Mapulogalamu ndi othandizira zipangizo zamakono adalandira kuvomereza monga njira yokonzekera ogwira ntchito zamakono apamwamba pa ntchito zogwirira ntchito. Mavuto a amayi ayenera kupeza Njira zambiri zogwirira ntchito zamakono, komanso mwayi wopita kumalo atsopano. Iwo amafunikanso kulowa ntchito zambiri zamakono. "
Chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha makoleji akulembetsa akazi ambiri kuposa amuna m'masukulu awo azachipatala. "Azimayi anali ndi anthu oposa 45 peresenti ya ophunzira komanso ophunzira atsopano ku sukulu zachipatala za ku United States mu 1999-2000. Chiwerengero cha amayi a zamankhwala chinawonjezeka kuchokera pa 28 peresenti ya anthu onse okhala mu 1989 mpaka 38 peresenti mu 1999 malinga ndi Association of American Medical Colleges. Akazi ku US Academic Medicine Statistics 1999-2000. "
Chitsime: [link url = http: //www.amwa%2Ddoc.org/careers/html/then%5Fnow.html] American Medical Women's Association
M'madera a zofukula zamankhwala, kupita patsogolo kwa amayi kumapitirirabe. Pulogalamu ya American Veterinary Medical Association inati: "Tsopano ophunzira ambiri m'masukulu a zinyama ndi akazi, ndipo pofika m'chaka cha 2005, azimayi adzakhala ambiri pa ntchitoyi." Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha akazi achipatala ku United States chawonjezeka kawiri kuchokera mu 1991 mpaka 24,356, chiŵerengero cha abambo azimayi chikugwa 15 peresenti, kufika pa 33,461. "
Gwero: New York Times: Yilu Zhao (June 9, 2002)
Kulosera:
Pano pali vuto. Mwachizoloŵezi, ntchito zamanja zomwe zimakhala zosiyana ndi akazi zidasokonezedwa potsata malipiro, malingaliro, ndi chikhalidwe. Si cholinga cha nkhaniyi kufotokozera mbiriyi, koma taganizirani za ntchito zomwe kale zidalamulidwa ndi abambo omwe tsopano akukhala ndi amayi: maudindo akuluakulu, maudindo a ntchito, aubwino, maphunziro, ntchito za anthu, ndi malo ogulitsira. Kodi mankhwala azachilengedwe ndi madokotala akutsatira njira yomweyo?
Yankho, mwatsoka, ndilo 'inde.' Ndimakhulupirira pamene amai akuyang'anira munda, munda umakhala wosangalatsa komanso wokongola ngati ntchito.
Kuwonjezera apo, pamene tikupita patsogolo, monga chiwerengero cha anthu, ziwerengero zomwe ndaziwona zikuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero cha amayi akusunthira maphunziro kuti apange zipangizo zamakono zamakono komanso ntchito zamagetsi zochepa mu 2002. (Onani nkhani ya Wired News pansipa, monga chitsanzo.
Zimene Olemba Ntchito Angachite:
Iyi ndi malo ovuta omwe angapange malangizo kwa olemba ntchito. Zolinga zambiri za munthu payekha zimapangidwira kumayambiriro kwa moyo kudzera kumalo a nyumba ndi anzawo komanso zochitika ndi kusukulu. Ngakhale ndikufuna kuti ndikhulupirire kuti tikupita patsogolo, monga gulu, atsikana ndi anyamata akuleredwa, kulangizidwa, ndi kuchiritsidwa mosiyana.
(Nkhaniyi, Chifukwa Chake Atsikana Sakumvetsa , kuchokera ku Wired News , ikufotokoza zina mwazovuta.) Pali, komabe, ntchito zomwe olemba ntchito angathe kuchita.
Tipatseni mwayi wophunzitsa amayi ndi maphunziro omwe angakonzekere kuti apitsidwe patsogolo pazochitika zamakono ndi sayansi.
Gwiritsani ntchito nambala yofanana ya amayi ku maphunziro ophunzitsidwa ndi ntchito zophunzitsira omwe angawakonzekeretse ntchito yapamwamba pa malo apamwamba, okhudza zamagetsi.
Awonetseni akazi ku matekinoloje ndikugwira ntchito ndi makompyuta . Ambiri samangokhala ndi mwayi ndipo amatha kumvetsetsa bwino maluso ndi nzeru zomwe zimafunikira kuti agwiritse ntchito makompyuta.
Gwiritsani ntchito sukulu ya pulayimale, sukulu ya pulayimale, sukulu ya sekondale, koleji, ndi koleji kuti muwonetsetse kuti mapulogalamu ndi mwayi wophunzira alipo omwe amasonyeza atsikana ku zamakono, masamu, ndi sayansi, kuphatikizapo ntchito zothandizira, oyambirira.
Onetsetsani kuti makampani, mapikisano a sayansi, ndi mwayi wina uliwonse, afikenso mofanana kwa atsikana.
Pa malo ogwira ntchitoyi, opatsidwa mavuto omwe abambo akukumana nawo pakupanga malo ogwira ntchito osinthasintha komanso kulimbikitsa amayi kuntchito ndi malipiro apamwamba komanso olemekezeka, kodi ndizodabwitsa kuti amayi ayamba malonda awo m'magulu?
Mukudalira Akazi mu Bizinesi?
Pakali pano:
Mabizinesi omwe ali ndi akazi ali ndi makampani omwe amaikapo 51 peresenti kapena yowonjezera. Sukulu ya US Census Bureau yaposachedwapa yokhudza Akazi Omwe Ankachita Malonda Akazi (SWOBE) inati amayi anali ndi malonda 5,417,034 omwe sanali aulimi mu 1997. Akazi Makampani opangidwa ndi malonda okwana 26,0 peresenti ya malonda 20,8 miliyoni omwe sanali amalonda, omwe anagwiritsidwa nchito ntchito 7.1 miliyoni, ndipo anapanga $ 818.7 biliyoni pa malonda ndi malonda.
Azimayi a ku Spain anali ndi makampani okwana 337,708, akazi akudawa anali ndi makampani 312,884, amayi a ku Asia ndi a Pacific Pacific anali ndi makampani 247,966 ndipo amayi a ku America ndi a Alaska anali ndi makampani 53,593.Akazi omwe sanali a ku Spain anali ndi makampani 4,487,589 miliyoni.
"Oposa theka (55 peresenti) ya makampani omwe ali ndi akazi anali mu ntchito zamakampani mu 1997. Pa ntchito zamalonda, amayi ambiri ankachita makampani muzinthu zamalonda (makampani 769,250) ndi mautumiki ena (makampani 634,225). ndipo mapepala a madera awiriwa anapeza $ 78.3 biliyoni.
"Mabizinesi omwe ali ndi akazi anali ndi malonda ndi ndalama zokwana madola 818.7 biliyoni mu 1997. Makampani anayi omwe anapanga ndalama zowonjezera zoposa zamalonda azimayi mu 1997 anali malonda ochuluka, malonda, malonda ogulitsa malonda komanso kupanga. katundu wogulitsa ndi wosakhala wosakhalitsa - mapepala olembedwa a $ 188.5 biliyoni.
Omwe amagwira ntchito - mwachitsanzo, malo ogona ndi malo ena ogona, mautumiki aumwini, ntchito zamalonda, kukonza magalimoto, mautumiki, ndikupaka magalimoto, mapulogalamu amodzi okonzekera; misonkhano - inali ndi malonda a $ 186.2 biliyoni.
Makampani omwe ali ndi akazi ogulitsa malonda anali ogulitsa madola 152.0 biliyoni ndipo omwe anali opanga anali ogulitsa madola 113.7 biliyoni.
"Pafupifupi anthu atatu ndi anayi (72 peresenti) a makampani ochepa omwe amagwira ntchito m'mabungwe azimayi ankagwira nawo ntchito (makampani 531,532) ndi malonda ogulitsa malonda (makampani 133,924). Makampani omwe anali ndi akazi ochepa ankalemba malonda ndi ndalama zokwana madola 84.7 biliyoni mu 1997. Amenewa anali Akazi a ku Asia ndi Pacific akupeza ndalama zokwana madola 38.1 biliyoni, akazi a ku Spain, $ 27.3 biliyoni, akazi akuda, $ 13.6 biliyoni, ndi amayi a ku America ndi a Alaska, $ 6.8 biliyoni. "
Gwero: US Department of Labor: Akazi Amalonda Akazi
Kulosera:
Olemba ntchito sangathe kukwaniritsa zosowa za amayi ambiri. Azimayi omwe ali ndi malonda adzakhala ntchito yabwino kwa amayi ambiri. Akazi omwe anali ndi makampani ogulitsa anawonjezeka ndi 37 peresenti kuyambira 1997 mpaka 2002, nthawi zinayi kukula kwa makampani onse ogwira ntchito.
Ngakhale makampani ambiri atayamba ndi amayi kuyambira 1997 ali mu ntchito yamalonda, pali chiwerengero cha amayi omwe akuyamba makampani osamalonda monga chikhalidwe ndi ndalama. Pulogalamu ya Women's Business Research ikupereka nkhani yokhudzana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu osasindikizidwa ndi magulu ena oyambirira a kafukufuku kuti apereke ziwerengero izi.
Zimene Olemba Ntchito Angachite:
Olemba ntchito angatsatire ndondomeko zopangidwa mu magawo atatu oyambirira a nkhani ino kuti athetse mafunde a amayi aluso kuyamba malonda awo omwe. Koma, mafunde akuyamba ndipo zidzakhala zovuta kuima. Azimayi akugwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi kusintha, kulimbitsa mphamvu, ndi kutsutsana ndi kukhala ndi bizinesi yaing'ono, bizinesi yayikulu, kapena bizinesi yokhazikika kunyumba. Ogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri, alangizi adzakangana ndi njira iyi kwa antchito azimayi omwe ali ndi luso.
Zothandizira Akazi Kuganizira Kuyamba Bzinthu:
Pulogalamu ya Women's Business Research
Bungwe la National Women's Business Owners
Mukukhudzidwa ndi Akazi Amalonda ku Information Workplace?