Zojambula Zojambula Zojambula Zojambula
M'kati mwa zaka za m'ma 1900, mawonetsero ambiri adasinthika kusintha mbiri yamakono pochita zinthu zonyansa, kukakamiza ndi kukopa onse ojambula ndi omvera.
Mawonetsero abwino awa anali amphamvu, mbali imodzi, chifukwa cha masomphenya a ochirasa , omwe ankadziwa kuti ndizoti ndizosankha za ojambula, ndi juxtaposition ya zojambula zawo, zingathandize kupanga zochitika zakale zomwe sizikanakumbukika.
01 Retrospective ya Paul Cezanne ku Salon d'Autne, Paris mu 1907
Chiwonetsero cha munthu mmodzi chinali champhamvu kwambiri chomwe chinasintha mbiri ya mbiri. Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) adakumananso ndi Salon d'Automne mu 1907, chaka chotsatira chakufa kwake mosayembekezereka, adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri achinyamata, makamaka Paris Avant-Garde kuphatikizapo ojambula monga Picasso, akhale atate wa Cubism ndi Modernism. Salon d'Automne ndiyomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi ojambula monga Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Georges Rouault, ndi Edouard Vuillard, monga mkonzi komanso wosiyana ndi Salon.
02 Chiwonetsero cha Sonderbund ku Cologne, Germany mu 1912
Chiwonetsero cha Sonderbund ku Cologne, Germany mu 1912 chinakonzeratu modernism ku Ulaya. Dzina lenileni lawonetsero ndi Internationale Kunstausstellung des Sonderbundes Westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler (International Art Show ya Association Special of West German Okonda ndi Ojambula) koma amatchulidwa ngati Sonderbund Exhibition. Zinaphatikizapo ntchito zazikulu za ojambula monga Paul Cézanne, Edvard Munch, Paul Gauguin, Pablo Picasso, Egon Schiele, ndi Vincent van Gogh ndipo anaphatikizapo zitsanzo za Post-Impressionism kwa German Expressionism, ndi a Die Brücke ndi Der Blaue Reiter.
03 Exhibition International ya Zamakono Zamakono (The Armory Show) ku NYC mu 1913
Chiwonetsero cha International Art of Modern Art, chomwe chimadziwika kuti Armory Show (monga momwe chinachitikira pa 69th Infantry Regiment Armory), ku New York City mu 1913 chinabweretsa luso lamakono la ku Ulaya ku USA. Zojambula za ku America pa nthawi imeneyo zinali zowonongeka ndi zolamuliridwa ndi zowona, ndi zojambula zowonekera pazithunzi za mzindawo, malo, ndi zithunzi. Ojambula ambiri a ku America monga Walt Kuhn, Arthur B. Davies, Walter Pach, ndi William Glackens anapanga Association for American Paintters and Sculptors (AAPS) ndipo anakonza Armory Show, yomwe inayambitsa Cubism, Post-Impressionism, ndi Fauvism kwa amisiri a ku America, ndipo zomwe zinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Abstract Expressionists m'ma 1940.
Chojambula cha Marcel Duchamp chinatchula kuti chinyoza anthu onse ndipo chinali chododometsa m'magazini, monga momwe wina wotsutsa anafananitsira ndi "kuphulika kwa fakitale ya shingle."
04 Chiwonetsero Choyamba cha Zithunzi cha ku Russia ku Berlin, mu 1922
Chiwonetsero choyamba cha Art Art (Erste russische Kunstausstellung), chomwe chinatsegulidwa ku Berlin mu October 1922 chomwe chinali ndi Russian Constructivism ndipo chinaphatikizapo ntchito ndi El Lissitzky (amene anapanga mabuku), Vladimir Tatlin, Olga Rosanova, Alexander Rodchenko, Kasimir Malevich ndi Marc Chagall. Osowa makinawa anali ojambula: David Sterenberg, Nathan Altman, ndi Naum Gabo. Chiwonetserocho chinakondwera kwambiri, kotero chiwonetserochi chinaperekedwa kuti chikhale ndi omvera omvera ake omwe akukula. 05 The London International Surrealist Exhibition mu 1936
Bungwe la London International Surrealist Exhibition mu 1936 linatsatiridwa ndi gulu la ojambula ndi olemba ndakatulo kuphatikizapo Henry Moore, Paul Nash, Andre Bréton, Man Ray ndi Paul Éluard. Chiwonetsero chotchuka kwambiri chinabweretsa Surrealism ku London. Anaphatikizapo zithunzi za Max Ernst, Joan Miró, ndi Salvador Dalí, omwe adapereka nkhani pa Surrealism podzivala suti ndipo amayenera kupulumutsidwa pamene anali pafupi kufa. Msonkhano Wapadziko lonse wa New Realists mu NYC, 1962
The Sidney Janis Gallery inakhazikitsa International Exhibition of New Realists, yomwe idatsegulidwa pa Oktoba 31, 1962, ndipo idali chiwonetsero chachikulu choyamba popanga Pop Art kwa dziko lapansi. Zinaphatikizapo ntchito ndi ojambula zithunzi ku America monga Wayne Thiebaud, Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist, Robert Indiana, ndi akatswiri a ku Ulaya monga Jean Tinguely, Yves Klein, Arman, Christo, Marisol, ndi Öyvind Fahlström. Chiwonetserocho chinasonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa ojambula a American Pop ndi European Nouveaux Realistes. Ena amafa mozama Abstract Expressionists monga Mark Rothko, Adolph Gottlieb, Philip Guston ndi Robert Motherwell asiya nyumbayi pochita zionetsero, zomwe adawona kuti dziko la zamalonda limasintha malonda.
07 Pamene Miyambo Yakhala Fomu ku Kunsthalle Bern, 1969
Mkulu wa sukulu ya ku Switzerland, Harald Szeemann, adayambitsa ntchito yodziimira yekha , popeza anali woyamba kugwira ntchito kunja kwa malo osungirako zojambula. Chiwonetsero cha 1969 Chokhala Mutu Wanu: Pamene Maganizo Ayamba Kuchita (Ntchito, Maganizo, Zochitika, Zochitika, Zomwe Zida) zinaphatikizapo kuyesera, ntchito ndi luso lojambula zithunzi ndi kuwonetsera zojambula zosiyanasiyana monga Arte Povera, Anti-form, ndi Process Art. Anthu monga Eva Hesse, Joseph Beuys, ndi Bruce Nauman anaphatikizidwa. 08 1989 Chiwonetsero cha China Avant-Garde ku Beijing
Chiwonetsero cha China Avant-Garde chaka cha 1989 ku Beijing National Art Gallery ku Beijing, chomwe chinapangidwa ndi achinyamata khumi ojambula zithunzi monga Gao Minglu ndi Hou Hanru, omwe adawonetsedwa ndi ojambula 186, kuphatikizapo Xu Bing, Huang Yong-Ping, ndi Wu Shanzhuan. Chiwonetsero ichi cha mbiri yakale chinasonyeza kuti kubwera kwa zojambulajambula zamakono ku China kudziko la zamalonda. Apolisi adatsegula chiwonetserocho pa tsiku loyamba pamene toni ya ojambula Tang Song ndi Xiao Lu adawombera mfuti pazojambula zawo.
09 1989 Magiciens de la Terre (Amatsenga a Dziko) ku Paris
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, chiphunzitso cha pambuyo pa chikoloni chinakhudza chisankho chotsutsana ndi a curators, kotero kuti zojambulazo sizinayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ojambula a azungu a ku Western, koma mawonetsero akukhala ophatikizapo, kuphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu opanga dziko lapansi kupereka. Izi zinawonekera mu mafilimu a Magiciens de la Terre (Magicians of the Earth) a 1989. Atafika ku Center Pompidou ndi Grande Halle ku Paris ndipo akutsatiridwa ndi Jean-Hubert Martin, kufufuza kwakukuluku kunayang'ana pa ojambula a ku Asia, Africa, Aboriginal ndi Latin America.
Documenta 10 ku Kassel, Germany
Documenta, spelled ndi mlandu wachiwiri D, unakhazikitsidwa mu 1955, ndipo kawirikawiri imachitika zaka zisanu zonse ku Kassel, Germany. Kwa kope lililonse, wotetezera wotchuka wamitundu yonse amasankha mutu ndikusankha ojambula. Documenta ndi imodzi mwa zochitika zodziwika kwambiri komanso zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zojambula zamakono, chifukwa chake ojambula, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, otsutsa, ndi akatswiri ena a zamaganizo ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana ndikuphunzirapo.