Mabungwe amalingaliro akuyang'ana mphamvu zachuma za makampani ndi mabungwe a boma, onse apakhomo ndi akunja, makamaka kuthekera kwawo kukwaniritsa chiwongoladzanja ndi malipiro akuluakulu pamabungwe awo ndi ngongole zina. Mabungwe owerengera amapezeranso mosamala malamulo ndi zofunikira za ngongole iliyonse. Chiwerengero cha ngongole imene wapatsidwa chimasonyeza kutsimikiziridwa kwa bungwe kuti wobwereketsa adzakwaniritsa malonjezano ake omwe adalonjezedwa ndi ofunika monga momwe adakonzera.
Chiwerengero cha ngongole yapatsidwa chikhoza kusiyanasiyana pang'ono ndi chiwerengero chonse cha ngongole kwa wopereka, malingana ndi mawu ake enieni.
Zotsatira
Ndalama zokhudzana ndi ngongole zogulira ngongole kuchokera kwa mabungwewa zidzatengera chiwongoladzanja chokwera mtengo. Kukhulupirira kwa osunga ndalama kuti alipire kukwanitsa kukwaniritsa udindo wawo wolipira kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ma bungwe olingalira. Pakalipano, chiwongoladzanja chimene chimafunidwa ndi ochita malonda pa ngongole inayake, chimagwirizana ndi ngongole ya wobwereka: Okwanira olemera amalipira ochepa omwe ali osauka kwambiri akulipilira zambiri.
Chilankhulo
Ogulitsa mabungwe oyenerera ngongole amachita ntchito yofanana ndi ofesi ya ngongole ya ogula. Zokongoletsera zomwe zimapereka kwa anthu payekha zimakhudza mitengo ya chidwi yomwe anthu angathe kubwereka.
Mwayi wa Ntchito
Kugwira ntchito monga katswiri pa bungwe loyesa ndondomeko ndi njira imodzi yopitilira ntchito mu kufufuza zachinsinsi . Agulu akuluakulu a maofesi amatha kukhala ndi maofesi ambirimbiri olowera kuntchito kuti athe kuyang'anitsitsa kuchuluka kwa ngongole pamsika.
Choncho amathandiza anthu ambiri omwe amatha kugwira ntchito kumalonda a zachuma, mofanana.
Zosokoneza
Mabungwe owerengera ali ndi zolinga zowonongeka, pokhala akutsutsidwa mwatsatanetsatane m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa cha kafukufuku wawo. Ambiri owona amanena kuti ndi osauka, omwe ndi ochepetsera ndalama, osachedwetsa kuona zolakwika zomwe amazitulutsa, ndipo amachedwa kuchepetsa zowerengera zawo.
Palinso mikangano yochititsa chidwi chifukwa (kupatulapo Egan-Jones, kampani yaing'ono yomwe imati anthu amagwiritsa ntchito malipoti ndi malipoti awo) opereka ndalama ndikusankha mabungwe omwe akuyesa kuti agwirizane nawo. Mu kafukufuku wa 2008 a akatswiri a zachuma ndi CFA Institute, 11% mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwawo adanena kuti adawona mabungwe oyenerera akukweza mgwirizano wa chigwirizano pansi pa kukakamizidwa kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito. Panthawi imeneyi, bungwe la Federal Reserve lomwe linatuluka m'chaka cha 2003 linavomereza mikanganoyo koma linatsimikizira kuti panali zopotoka zazing'ono, poona kuti mabungwe apamwamba akuyamikira kwambiri ulemu wawo kuposa ogulitsa abwino.
Makampani Oyendetsa
Makampani atatu amayang'anira gawo lino. Per The Wall Street Journal ("Kuitanitsa Zomwe Zimapangitsa Misonkhanowu," 8/10/2011), izi ndizoyeso zawo zonse ndi gawo lomwe lirilonse likuimira zikwi zoposa 2.8 miliyoni zomwe zimachokera pamodzi ndi mayiko khumi omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi ziwerengero ( NRSROs) yoikidwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi SEC:
- S & P (1,190,500 chiwerengero, kapena 42.2%)
- Moody's (1,039,187 chiwerengero, kapena 36.9%)
- Sinthani (505,024 chiwerengero, kapena 17.9%)
Malinga ndi katswiri wa kafukufuku wa Piper Jaffray amene watchulidwa m'nkhani ya WSJ yomwe tatchulayi, mabungwe atatu akuluakulu onse omwe amalandira ndalamazo amapeza ndalama zokwana 95% zomwe zimapezeka mu gawo lino.
Chizindikiro cha kugwirizana kwawo ndi chakuti, pamene Standard & Poor's inagwedeza misika ndi 8/5/2011 kuchepa kwa US federal ngongole kwa AA +, Egan-Jones kale anachita chimodzimodzi kale, koma sananyalanyaze.
Zina zisanu ndi ziwiri za NRSRO zimangowonjezera zokwanira 81,955, kapena 2.9%. Iwo ali, ndi zaka zomwe iwo anayamba:
- AM Best (yokhazikitsidwa mu 1899, kuwerengera koyamba kolembedwa mu 1907)
- DBRS (1976)
- Japan Credit Rating Agency (1985)
- Kuwerengera ndi Info Investment. (1986)
- Mayendedwe a Egan-Jones (1995)
- Morningstar Credit Ratings (2001)
- Kroll Bond Rating Agency (2011; Jules Kroll adayambitsa ofufuza a Kroll Associates mu 1984)
Chophatikizana, Standard & Poor's ndi Moody pa mlingo wa 80% ya onse ogwirizana ndi a municipal (nkhani za boma ndi boma). Kawirikawiri amawoneka ngati mutu wapamwamba wa Fitch.
Wachikulire kwambiri pa NRSRO khumi ndi AM Best, wochepa, koma wolemekezeka, katswiri mu makampani a inshuwalansi.