Njira Zenizeni Zowopsa ndi Kuunika
Ndalama Zowopsya
Zowopsa kwambiri, komabe zowonongeka kwambiri, ndizoyesa ndalama zonse zomwe zimagulitsidwa kapena kubwerekedwa.
Choipa chotheka ndi chakuti ndalama zonse zimakhala zopanda phindu kapena kuti wobwereka amalephera. Kukonzekera ndiko kuyambitsa zowonjezereka kwa kusanthula, koma kawirikawiri kuchita kumafuna ziganizo zingapo zomwe sizingatheke kwenikweni kuyeza. Onani momwe tikufotokozera Monte Carlo simulations.
Zolinga za kukula kwa malo omwe angagwiridwe ndi ogulitsa malonda kapena kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe oyang'anira ngongole angathe kuzipereka kwa munthu wobwereka ndi, makamaka, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyi yochepetsera chiopsezo.
Kusasinthasintha ndi Kusiyana
Izi ndizochitika zachiwopsezo zowonongeka pokhudzana ndi chigulitsiro chogulitsidwa pagulu ndi magulu a chitetezo. Deta ya mbiri yakale imatha kuchepetsedwa kuti iwonetsetse kayendetsedwe ka mtengo wamtsogolo, chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa mtengo. Kuyesedwa koopsa pokhudzana ndi chigwirizano cha munthu aliyense ndi magulu a chitetezo kaŵirikaŵiri kumayikidwa pa mgwirizano pakati pa iwo, pakati pawo, komanso ponena za zizindikiro zambiri zachuma.
Zambiri zamakono za zojambulajambula, mwachitsanzo, zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa njira zochepetsera kukula kwake kwa mtengo wa kusintha kwa mtengo wogulitsa ntchito posankha kusakaniza malonda omwe mtengo wawo umakhala wosagwirizanitsa kapena, bwinobe, wosagwirizana (ndiko , mitengo yawo imayenda mosiyana, limodzi likukwera pamene lina liri pansi, ndi mosiyana).
Lili ndi mapulogalamu kwa alangizi a zachuma , mameneja a ndalama, ndi ndondomeko zachuma.
Mphamvu Yowonongeka ya Mbiri
Bungwe lovomerezeka la law boilerplate pazolowera zamalonda likuchenjeza kuti "ntchito yapitayi sizitsimikiziranso za zotsatira zamtsogolo." Chimodzimodzinso, mgwirizano ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero chomwe chinawerengedwa mu nthawi yakale chimapereka zizindikiro zosayenerera za tsogolo lomwe lingakhalepo chifukwa cha chitetezo chomwecho kapena chigwirizano cha kalasi. Kuwongolera zochitika za mbiri yakale ndi maubwenzi m'tsogolomo kotero ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamala kwambiri.
Vuto la Counter-Party
Kuopsa kwa Counterparty ndi chiopsezo kuti wina mnzake kuntchito, monga foni ina mu malonda a zachuma, adzatsimikizira kuti sangathe kukwaniritsa maudindo ake panthaŵi yake. Zitsanzo za izi zikuphatikizapo kupereka ndalama kapena ndalama kuti athetse malonda ndi kubwezera ngongole yaifupi yomwe iyenera kukonzedweratu.
Kawirikawiri chiwopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV chimapangidwa chifukwa cha momwe makampani amathandizira ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi mabungwe oyang'anira . Komabe, monga mavuto a zachuma kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2008 adasonyezeratu, njira zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabungwe owonetsera malingaliro ali olakwika kwambiri (monga momwe akuchitira FICO zolemba) ndipo akuyenera kulakwa kwakukulu. Kuonjezera apo, pakuwopsa kwachuma, zochitika zimatha kutuluka mwachangu mofulumira, ndipo zofooka zazing'ono zazing'ono zimatha kuwonjezereka mpaka pamene makampani akuluakulu omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi ndalama zambiri amatha kusungidwa.
Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch , ndi Wachovia adasokonezeka kwambiri mu 2008; woyamba adatuluka, ndipo enawo adapezedwa ndi makampani amphamvu.
Mbali yayikulu ya vuto poyesa chiopsezo chogonana ndikuti kufufuza komwe kumachitidwa ndi mabungwe olingalira sikumangokwanira mokwanira. Amakonda kusintha zinthu zatsopano pang'onopang'ono. Kuwonjezera apo, kamodzi kogwirizana ndi kamodzi kamene kanatengedwa mwadzidzidzi kumangobwereza kuzinyoza, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, ngati sizingatheke, kuthetsa ntchito zomwe zakhala zikugwiridwa kale.
Udindo Wa Maphunziro
Zolemba zamakono zimagwirizananso ndi kufufuza matebulo otha kufa m'malo mwa makampani a inshuwalansi, akusewera gawo lalikulu pamapangidwe apamwamba pa ndondomeko ndi ndondomeko ya malipiro pa annuities.
Sayansi yeniyeni, monga momwe imatchulidwira nthawi zambiri, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zowerengera kuzinthu zazikulu zamtundu zomwe iwo ali ndi madigiri apamwamba a kuyeza molondola.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kufufuza kwa chiopsezo cha inshuwalansi ya moyo ndizochokera pa deta yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndalama ndi kayendetsedwe ka misika yamalonda. Mosiyana ndi izi, miyezo ya kuopsa kwa mgwirizano, kutsogolo kwa chigulitsiro cha ndalama zachuma ndi malingaliro a zintchito zapadera sizingathetseretu, kusanthula kwasayansi. Choncho, oyang'anira masoka (ndi oyang'anira sayansi omwe amapereka chithandizo chokwanira) sangathe konse kukhala ndi zitsanzo zowonongeka zomwe zilipo pafupi ndi chikhulupiliro chomwe munthu angakhale nacho mu inshuwalansi ya moyo.