Mphumba Pakati 4 Zida ndi Zida Zachilengedwe ndi Zachilengedwe Zoopsa
Mankhwala amtundu wa mankhwala ndi mankhwala owopsa omwe angapangitse zotsatira zopweteka, kupanga zipangizo kapena malo osatheka, ndi kupha imfa.
Kulemera kwa kuvulala kumadalira mtundu wa wothandizila, ndondomeko ya wothandizira ntchito, ndi njira yofalitsira.
Mitundu ya Agent Zamakina
Msilikali wa United States amachititsa kuti zigawenga zowonongeka zikhale m'magulu anayi:
- Mitsempha ya Mitsempha: Mitsempha ya mitsempha imayambitsa dongosolo la mitsempha ndipo imakhudza kulamulira kwa minofu, masomphenya, mtima, ndi mapapo. Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo (DOD) ikuwona kuti izi ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi anthu ogwira ntchito zamagetsi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi asilikali a US a nkhondo.
- Mabala a Blister: Mabelter wothandizira amawononga ndi kuwononga minofu ya cell yomwe imayambitsa kukwiya, kutupa, ndi zilonda zamoto. Kuwonongeka kwa minofu kumaonjezera mwayi wa matenda ndipo pamapeto pake pamakhala imfa. Nthaŵi zambiri, kupweteka ndi zotupa sizingatheke mpaka patapita nthawi yaitali.
- Ogwiritsira Ntchito: Omwe amagwiritsira ntchito choking akuyambitsa kupsa mtima ndi kutupa kwa mababu ndi mapapu a bronchial. Ngati ndalama zokwanira zimalowa m'mapapu, madzi amatha kusonkhana kumeneko. Imfa imachokera ku kusowa kwa mpweya.
- Mafuta a Magazi: Magazi a magazi amachititsa kuti magazi azikhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Ogwira ntchito mofulumirawa amathamangira mwamsanga kunja koma akupha kwambiri. Mankhwala amagazi amachititsanso kuwononga mafakitale a maski, choncho ma filters ayenera kusinthidwa posachedwapa pambuyo poyambitsa wothandizira magazi.
Kutumiza ndi Zapangidwe Zathupi
Mankhwala amtunduwu amatha kumasulidwa ndi zida zankhondo, mabomba, mabomba, mabomba, migodi, zowononga ndege, ndi mfuti.
Kuonjezerapo, amatha kutsukidwa kuchokera kumtunda, kumtunda, ndi kumagalimoto amadzi kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito poipitsa chakudya ndi madzi. Mitundu yambiri yamagetsi ndi awa:
Gasi ndi Zipulumu. Gasi ndi mpweya siziwoneka. Komabe, mitambo ya mpweya ingawonekere kanthawi kochepa mutatulutsidwa kapena m'madera kumene kulibe kayendetsedwe kake ka mpweya kuti muwachotse. Njira yawo yoloweramo ndiyo kupyolera m'mapapo, ngakhale kuti ena omwe ali ndi vuto lolemera akhoza kulowa mkati ndi maso ndi khungu. Gasi ndi mpweya zingakhalepo kwa maola angapo, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuchitika m'malo ochepa, mpweya wakufa monga nyumba, mapanga, zida zowonongeka, mitsinje, ndi madera.
Zamadzimadzi. Mankhwala amadzimadzi amatha kukhala omveka bwino ndipo amawoneka ndi mavitamini ena abwino; zowonjezereka zingakhale ndi mawonekedwe a mafuta oyendetsa galimoto. Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu madzi amatha kukhala ovuta kwambiri kuzindikira ndi diso losagwirizana. Njira yodalirika yodziŵira ndikudziwitsidwa ndi mitsempha ya madzi ndi zotsitsimula ndi M8 mankhwala detector pepala. Potsirizira pake, ogwiritsira ntchito madzi amamasuliranso mpweya woopsa womwe ukhoza kutsekedwa ndipo ukhoza kugwira ntchito masiku ambiri.
Zolimba (Powders). Atumiki ena amamasulidwa mu mawonekedwe a ufa.
Amatha kulowa m'thupi kudzera pakhungu kapena kutsekedwa. Agent mu mawonekedwe a fumbi amamasulidwa mu nyengo zosiyanasiyana ndipo angakhalebe othandiza kwa masabata ambiri. Mitundu ya "fumbi" izi ndi zovuta kuzizindikira pokhapokha zitapukutidwa. Kamodzi atapezeka, akhoza kuwonongeka ndi mankhwala a 5% a chlorine bleach.
Zida Zotetezera ku Nkhondo Zachilengedwe
Mosasamala mtundu, ndondomeko, kapena njira yowonongeka, chitetezero chodziwikiratu mwamsanga kumenyana ndi mankhwala ndi mask ndi chitetezo cha mankhwala. Msilikali wa United States ali ndi zipangizo zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito kulikonse padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zikagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, zimateteza adani kapena mankhwala.
Chigoba ndicho chida chachikulu choteteza zipangizo. Mukamavala bwino, zimateteza nkhope, maso, ndi kupuma kwa anthu onse omwe amadziwika ndi mankhwala komanso zamoyo.
Kuwonjezera pa chigobacho, gulu loteteza chitetezo chogwiritsa ntchito ndi asilikali a ku US limaphatikizapo mankhwala onunkhira (mathalauza ndi jekete), masikiti otetezera, magolovesi otetezera, ndi zipewa zotetezera.
Gasi Masisi a Gasi
Masikisi a gasi si atsopano kwa asilikali. Masks a gasi ankagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambirira panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse kuti ateteze asirikali ku zigawenga. Mpweya woopsa unayesedwa ngati njira yothetsera vutoli ku Western Front. Amagetsi ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Western Front anali mpiru wa mpiru (blister agent) ndi mafuta a chlorine (choking agent). Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo mpaka tsopano magetsi azimayi akhala gawo lalikulu la zida za membala wa msilikali monga mfuti, malaya ndi chisoti.
Kawirikawiri, masks a gasi amamangidwa kuchokera ku pulasitiki wandiweyani wosakanikizika, ena amakhala ndi malo otetezera omwe amamangidwa pamutu. Pulasitiki ya rubberyi inapangidwira kupanga chisindikizo chotsutsana ndi khungu. Pachifukwachi, tsitsi la nkhope limapangitsa kuti pakhale "chisindikizo choipa" ndipo ayenera kupeŵa (ichi ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chimene Navy anasintha malamulo ake ndi kuyala ndevu).
Masikisi a gasi amagwiritsira ntchito mafotolo omwe amatha kusungunuka omwe amatsuka madzi, aerosol ndi poizoni wa mpweya kuchokera ku mpweya woipa. Mafasho a masikiti a gasi amakhala ndi moyo wautali. Amayenera kuwongolera ngati awonongeke, atadziwika ndi madzi / chinyezi, atakhala nthawi yowoneka m'malo owonongeka, atagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali pamalo osadetsedwa, kapena ngati "shelf" yawo yatha.
Chovala Chodzitetezera
Makala omwe amawotchedwa overgarment ndi ofanana ndipo ayenera kuvala zovala zowonongeka. Chipindacho chimagwira ntchito mofananamo monga fyuluta ya mask's respirator, kuchotsa poizoni ndi zonyansa.
Nsalu yotchinga yokhayo imatha kutuluka thukuta. Nsalu yowonjezera imatetezera poizoni ndi makina opanga mankhwala mu madontho a madzi, mawonekedwe a mpweya ndi aerosol. Chifukwa chakuti nsaluyi ndi yosungunuka, sizingateteze wonyamula zitsulo, komanso zitsulo zamadzimadzi kapena zodzaza (mwina ndi mphepo, mankhwala kapena mankhwala a thukuta).
Mofanana ndi masks, zovala zapamwambazi zimapangidwa kuti zizikhala ndi moyo wautali ndipo ziyenera kusintha m'malo mwa chiwonetsero kapena kuvala nthawi.
Zovala zapamwamba ndi ma gloves
Zida zotetezedwa ndi NBC (nyukiliya, biological, chemical) zowonjezera ndi magolovesi zimamangidwa kuchokera ku pulasitiki yopangidwa ndi makina osakanizika omwe amawoneka bwino ndipo amavalira nsapato zowonongeka ndi mapuloteni. Kukula kwa glove kungakhale kosiyana ndi zofunikira za opaleshoni kumene kuli kovuta kwambiri.
Mwamwayi, pamene bungwe la asilikali la US la chitetezo choteteza asilikali limapereka chitetezo chokwanira, limathandizanso kuchepetsa ntchito ndi kuthetsa mphamvu mwa kuwononga masomphenya, kumva, ndi kuwonongeka. Zimatha kupanikizika m'maganizo komanso kutaya kutentha panthawi yovuta kwambiri kutentha. Ndi pamene Mipikisano ya Mipikisano ya Asilikali imayamba.
Kuyamba kwa Mipingo ya Mipikisano ya Asilikali
MOPP imayimirira "Zomwe Zidziteteze Mishonale." Mipingo ikulola abwanamkubwa kuti apititse patsogolo chitetezo chawo chifukwa cha kuopsezedwa kwa chiwonongeko choyandikira ndikukwaniritsa ntchito poyendetsa kupititsa patsogolo kwa nthumwi ndi kutetezedwa kwa mphamvu. Chifukwa chakuti miyeso ya MOPP imakhala yofanana ndi yosavuta kumvetsetsa, olamulira angasinthe maimidwe oteteza popanda kutanthauzira nthawi yaitali. Olamulira amatha kukweza kapena kuteteza chitetezo kupyolera m'magulu asanu, MOPP mlingo 0 kupyolera MOPP mlingo Alpha.
Chitetezo cha munthu aliyense chimawonjezeka kuchokera ku MOPP mlingo 0, komwe zimangokhala zotetezera (webusaiti yamagetsi, chisoti, ndi zida zowonongeka) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupi ndi MOPP mlingo 4, pamene zipangizo zonse zoteteza zimatha. Mbali ya Alpha ya MOP imafuna kuti anthu azivala okha masikiti ndi magolovesi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo otetezera pokhapokha atakhala atayika.
Zotsatira za Kuwonjezeka kwa MOPP Levels
Monga magulu a MOPP ndi magetsi otetezera amafunikira kuwonjezeka, mphamvu za munthu zimachepa monga zotsatira. Ngakhale kuti sagwidwa ndi vuto la mankhwala, vuto la kutentha ndilofala. Maofesi omwe sanagonjetse ntchito (Officers) (Officers Officers) (Officers Officers) (Officers Officers) (Officers Officers) (Officers Officers) (Officers Officers) (Officers Officers)
Kusokonezeka kwa madzi m'thupi ndi vuto lalikulu pamene anthu amagwira ntchito yotentha kwambiri atavala chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala. Anthu amamwa mowa kuti akwaniritse ludzu lodziwika bwino kusiyana ndi kukwaniritsa zosowa zawo zakuthupi. Podziwa izi, asilikali a ku United States amaphunzitsa antchito awo sadikirira kuti amve ludzu asanamwe mowa. Amishonale amaphunzitsidwa kumwa mowa nthawi zonse pamene ali mu MOPP kuti apindule bwino ntchito zawo ndi kupewa kutentha, ndipo otsogolera akuyang'anira ndikuwatsogolera anthu kuti amwe madzi okwanira omwe samapatsidwa mokwanira. Masks kwenikweni ali ndi chubu yomwe ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumwera kuchokera ku chidutswa cha chivindikiro cha canteen, kulola amishonale kuti apitirize kumwa madzi ngakhale m'dera loipitsidwa.
Zambiri za MOPP Levels
Mphindi Mphindi 0. Mu MOPP mlingo wa 0, chigoba chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nsalu ya membala wa asilikali. Zida zoteteza mankhwala zimatulutsidwa, zokonzedweratu, ndipo zimapezeka kuti membala amulandire mkati mwa mphindi zisanu. Mphungu Nkhumba 0 imagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya kuwonjezereka pamene mdani ali ndi ntchito zamagetsi / zamoyo, koma palibe chisonyezero chogwiritsira ntchito mtsogolo muno.
MFUNDO YA MANKHALA 1. Pa mlingo uwu, mankhwala onunkhira (mathalauza ndi jekete) amavala, ndipo zipangizo zina zonse zimatengedwa. Mtsinje wa NTHAWI 1 umagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati atha kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kapena chilengedwe pa malo owonetserako ntchito.
MFUNDO MFUNDO 2. Mu MOPP mlingo wachiwiri, chovala chamkati chimavala, ndipo nsalu zapamwamba zimadzala. Masikiti, malaya, ndi magolovesi amanyamula mthumba-wonyamulira, womangirizidwa kuchuuno. MFUNDO ya 2 imayambira pamene mankhwala / chilengedwe chikhoza kuchitika.
MFUNDO MFUNDO 3. Mu mlingo wa MOPP, chovala chamkati, chigoba / nsalu zapamwamba, ndi nsalu zapamwamba zimatha, koma magolovesi otetezera amatha kunyamula. Mtsinje wa Nkhumba 3 umagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo poti mankhwala akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mdani, koma m'madera omwe ali ndi vuto losavomerezeka.
MFUNDO MFUNDO 4. Zonse zavala. Matendawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yomwe atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamene akugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala kapena akuganiza.
MOPP mlingo Alpha. Masikiti, malaya, ndi magolovesi amadzala, koma overgarment wotetezera si. MOPP Level Level Alpha imatchulidwa kokha panthawi zina, monga nthawi yomwe imakhala yochokera ku malo osokoneza mpweya, kapena mkati mwa nyumba kapena ndege.
Kusokoneza Kupewa
Kuwonetsera kwa mankhwala kapena mankhwala (CB) zidachitika panthawi yomwe atha kuukira; Choncho, asilikali a ku US amaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mosamala kwambiri kuti pakhale kufalikira. Nthawi iliyonse yomwe zingatheke, zowonongeka monga ndege, magalimoto, ndi zipangizo zimatetezedwa ku zowononga poziika pamapope, pamtanda, kapena m'magulu ena, kapena kuziphimba ndi mapepala apulasitiki kapena mapepala opanda madzi asanachitike. Akabisala m'nyumba kapena mahema, ogwira ntchito amauzidwa kuti azikhala ndi mawindo, zitseko, zikhomo, ndi zina zotsekedwa, atatsekedwa akadziwitsidwa kuti ayambe kuukiridwa ndi pambuyo powaukira mpaka atauza kuti zoopsazo sizikupezeka.
Kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsa ntchito zovala zoteteza komanso zipangizo zamagetsi, kumvetsetsa kumathandiza kwambiri pamene mukugwira ntchito kumadera osokonezeka. Amishonale amaphunzitsidwa kupeŵa kugwada, kukhala pansi, kapena kuyenda m'madera oipitsidwa ngati n'kotheka, komanso kuti asakhudze chirichonse pokhapokha ngati chiri chofunikira kwambiri. Pamene ntchitoyo imaloleza, magulu adzatumizidwa kuti akazindikire ndikuyika malo odetsedwa. Msilikali wa ku United States ali ndi magulu apadera omwe amatha kusokoneza zipangizo komanso malo a nthaka, pokhapokha ngati atadziwika kuti ali ndi vutoli.
Kusungunuka kwa Antchito
Ngati wothandizira amapezeka pakhungu kapena zipangizo zoteteza, ayenera kuchotsedwa mwamsanga. Ena amagwira ntchito mofulumira ndipo akhoza kusokonezeka pakangopita mphindi zochepa. Mlingo wa kuvulala komwe umayambitsidwa ndi mankhwala wothandizira kumawonjezera nthawi yomwe imakhalabe pakhungu. Asilikali amapereka makina othandizira anthu omwe amadziwika kuti M291 ndi M295 omwe amachititsa kuti kontamination isayambe. Ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera makampani opangidwa ndi khungu.
Pokhapokha palibenso chida chotsitsimutsa, asilikali amatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yachisanu yotulutsa chlorine bleach njira yothetsa mankhwalawa kuchokera ku zipangizo komanso 0,5% njira yothetsera odwala pakhungu. Maso ali otetezeka kwambiri akakhala ndi mitsempha komanso amatsenga. Ngati mmodzi wa othandiziwa akubwera, maso a asilikali amaphunzitsidwa kuwamwetsa madzi. Amishonale a US amatulutsanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo amaphunzitsidwa kuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati kuli kofunikira.
Pulotani Kutentha. Kuzimitsa ufa kumapangidwa ndi asilikali kuti asasokoneze khungu ndi zipangizo zaumwini kuchokera kwa antchito a NBC. Phulusa nthawi zambiri nthaka imakhala yabwino kwambiri, kuti ikhale yotchuka kwambiri yotulutsa adsorbent. Kawirikawiri, zinthu zazikuluzikulu ndi kloride ya mandimu ndi magnesium oksidi zomwe zimapereka zonse zozizira komanso zopanda mphamvu.
Mapepala Ozindikira Zachilengedwe. Pepala lodziŵika ndi mankhwala amatha kupeza ndi kuzindikira kuti pali zida zankhondo zamagetsi. Mapepalawa amamangiriridwa ngati zikopa zowonjezera zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala pogwiritsira ntchito zomangiriza kapena zowonjezera. Mapepalawa amaikidwa ndi dyes omwe amamenyana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala omwe amamenyera nkhondo komanso amasonyeza kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa wothandizila womwe ulipo ndi chizindikiro cha pigment.
Wodwala Wamagazi Antidote. Oimira azachipatala amapereka mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kusamalidwa bwino pamene akukonzekera kwambiri. Mmodzi wodwala mitsempha wothandizidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi intra-muscular injection ndi malo odyera a oxime ndi atropine. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, oimira zachipatala adzatulutsa mapiritsi a pyridostigmine a bromide ngati mtundu woyenera wa mitsempha wagwiritsidwa ntchito. Amishonale amatenga mapiritsi awa, asanayambe kuukiridwa, pamene akutsogoleredwa ndi likulu lapamwamba. Mapiritsiwa, akaphatikiza ndi mankhwala, amalepheretsa zotsatira za mitundu ina ya mitsempha ya poizoni.
Zikupha
Zowonjezerapo ku zida za mankhwala, asilikali a ku United States akukonzekera kuukiridwa pogwiritsira ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda mwa anthu, nyama, kapena zomera, kapena zimapangitsa zipangizo kuti ziwonongeke. Mankhwalawa akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji kuti awononge matenda monga anthrax, kolera, mliri, kapena diphtheria, kapena mwachindunji kuti ateteze mbewu ndikuchepetsa chakudya. Matendawa amafalikira m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo kumeza zomera kapena zinyama zowopsa, kulumidwa kumatenda ndi tizilombo kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwiritsa ntchito mabakiteriya, rickettsiae, bowa, ndi mavairasi (omwe amatchedwa majeremusi). Amalowa thupi, kuberekana, ndi kugonjetsa chitetezo cha thupi. Amagetsi ndi othandizira mankhwala amatha kufalitsidwa mofanana.
Chigobacho chingateteze anthu ena omwe ali ndi zamoyo. Imodzi mwa njira zabwino kwambiri zotetezera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikumana ndi matenda. Kukhala ndi chikhalidwe chakumwamba komanso kusunga ukhondo wabwino kumathandiza asilikali kumathandiza kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda. Amishonale amapezeka katemera nthawi zonse (komanso pambuyo) kuti adziwe matenda osiyanasiyana. Kuonjezerapo, asilikali omwe amapita ku madera omwe amawoneka kuti ndi "owopseza kwambiri" kwa zamoyo, alandire katemera wa anthrax ndi katemera wa nthomba.