Inde, pafupifupi Achimereka 7.1 miliyoni, kapena azimayi asanu (5%) ogwira ntchito, amagawanitsa nthawi yawo pantchito zambiri kuyambira mwezi wa April 2015. Anthu ena 6.6 miliyoni adakhazikika kuti azigwira ntchito yanthawi yochepa atatha kupeza ntchito yabwino yanthawi zonse. Pakalipano, ntchito zambirizi zimalonjeza kuchepa pang'ono kapena mopanda malipiro. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Pew Charitable Trusts anapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa ndalama zapakhomo kunayambira 22% kuyambira 1979 mpaka 1999, koma ndi 2 peresenti kuyambira 1999 mpaka 2009, ndipo sizinayambe kuyambira nthawi imeneyo kwa anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito.
Pepala lafukufuku wa zachuma la 2012 linapeza kuti mabanja ochulukirapo angayambe kupeza ndalama zopitirira 50% kapena kuposerapo pazaka ziwiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, chiwerengerocho chinali 7%. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000, chiwerengero ichi chinakula kufika 12%. Kumayambiriro kwa mavuto a zachuma a 2008, adachepa pang'ono, mpaka 10%.
Kafukufuku wa Bungwe la Federal Reserve adawonetsa kuti 18% mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa mu 2013 adalemba malipiro omwe ali pansipa.
Izi zinali zochepa kuchokera pa 25% mu 2010, komabe zikukwera kuposa chiwerengero choyambitsa chisokonezo cha 14% mu 2007.
Phunziro la JPMorgan Chase: Malingana ndi kufufuza kwakukulu kwa ogula mabanki 100,000 ogulitsa mabanki (chitsanzo chochokera ku maziko ake a olemba malipoti a 2.5 miliyoni) chotsogoleredwa ndi JPMorgan Chase, osachepera 80% alibe ndalama zokwanira kuti achoke pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mwezi uliwonse mumalipira kapena ndalama.
Pakati pa makasitomalawa, omwe ali a mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso makamaka mabakitala omwe ali nawo pakati, 40% zomwe zimachitika mwezi ndi mwezi zimapeza kuchepa kapena kuwonjezeka kwa 30% kapena kuposa. Powonjezera vutoli, 60 peresenti ya makasitomala 100,000 mu chitsanzo cha analytic amayang'anizana mosiyana mwezi uliwonse pazogwiritsira ntchito ndalama kapena zoposa 30%.
Popeza kuti banja lopindula pakati pazinthu (lomwe likufotokozedwa pano liri pakati pa $ 40,501 ndi $ 63,100 pachaka) limakhala ndi $ 3,000 zokha pokhapokha, kutetezeka kwa ambiri ndi kochepa kwambiri. Lipoti la JPMorgan Chase likuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi $ 4,800 pakufunika kupereka chitsimikizo chokwanira cha ndalama pakakhala mwambo wopanda malipiro wa ntchito kuphatikiza ndi bili yaikulu ya mankhwala kapena maphunziro. Komabe, powapatsa ngongole zazikulu zomwe zipatala zimalandira kuti zisamalire, ngakhale chiwerengero ichi chikuwoneka chochepa kwambiri.
Ngakhale mabanja apamwamba kwambiri omwe amaphunzira pa phunziroli ali ndi ndalama zochepa:
- Kusungira kwapakati pa madola 7,000 kwa mabanja mu $ 63,101 mpaka $ 104,500 ndalama
- Kusungidwa kwa madera pafupifupi madola 13,500 kwa mabanja mu $ 104,501 mpaka $ 154,600 ndalama zobwera, zomwe zimaphunzira kwambiri
Omwewo omwe ali pa ngongole yapamwamba kwambiri amaweruzidwa ndi akatswiri mu JPMorgan Chase Institute, yomwe inachititsa phunziroli, kukhala ndi ndalama zokwanira kuti azikhala ndi ndalama zapakhomo pamwezi kapena ndalama zambiri.
Komabe, chiwerengero cha ndalama chosungirako ichi ndi chochepa, makamaka poyerekeza ndi ndalama. Zimasonyeza kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakati pa anthuwa.
Phokoso lamakono ndi phunziro la JPMorgan Chase ndiloti limapeza ziganizo zake kuchokera ku deta ya a client, zomwe sizisonyezeratu ndalama zonse za makasitomala, chifukwa chakuti ambiri a iwo adzakhala ndi akaunti, komanso maubwenzi ndi mabungwe ambiri azachuma . Iyenso iyenera kutsogoleredwa ndi kupanda ungwiro mu gulu la makasitomala a makasitomala mumagulu a banja.
Kusuntha kwa Maphunziro: Galasi lochititsa chidwi la phunziro la JPMorgan Chase ndi kusanthula kwa kusintha kwa ndalama zapakhomo ndi ndalama kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2014. Mabakiteriya asanu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa phunziroli ndi awa:
- $ 0 mpaka $ 23,300
- $ 23,301 mpaka $ 40,500
- $ 40,501 mpaka $ 63,100
- $ 63,101 kufika $ 104,500
- $ 104,501 mpaka $ 154,600
Ponena za ndalama:
- 15% mwa iwo omwe ali otsika kwambiri pa 2013 adakweza bolodi, ndipo ena 7% anakwera ndi mabakiteriya awiri
- 16% mwa omwe ali mu kabili yachiwiri 2013 adakwera mmwamba, ndipo ena 5% mwa 2 kapena kuposa. Pakalipano, 11% inagwa m'bokosi lotsika kwambiri.
- 17% m'bungwe lachitatu la 2013 linakwera, ndipo 15% pansi.
- 12% pachinayi chachinai 2013 chakwera, ndipo 21% pansi.
- 18% pamakalata apamwamba a 2013 adatsika.
Ponena za ndalama:
- 23% pansi pa ndalama zapakati pa 2013 zakhala zopangira ndalama zambiri.
- 27% muchikwama chachiwiri cha 2103 ndalama zambiri, ndipo 19% zochepa.
- 25 peresenti yachitatu yosungirako ndalama ya 2013 inagwiritsira ntchito zambiri, ndipo 24% osachepera.
- 17% pachinayi chachinai cha ndalama cha 2013 chinapitilira zambiri, ndipo 26 peresenti zochepa.
- 21% pamakampani apamwamba kwambiri a 2013 anakhala osachepera.
Monga momwe ziyenera kuyembekezera, kusintha kosagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2014 kumawonetsa kusintha kwa ndalama pa nthawi yomweyo.
Gwero: "Kusinthana kwa Cash Ndi Kwa Ambiri, Vuto Lililonse," Wall Street Journal, May 20, 2015.