Misonkhano ya ku Geneva Yogwirizana ndi Chithandizo cha Akaidi A Nkhondo
Misonkhano Yachigawo cha Geneva inalinga kuteteza asilikali omwe sanathenso kumenyana.
Izi zinaphatikizapo odwala ndi ovulala, ogwidwa ndi ngalawa ogwidwa panyanja ndi akaidi a nkhondo , ndi anthu ena othandiza.
Kodi Msonkhano wa Geneva N'chiyani?
Msonkhano ulidi mgwirizano wambiri ndi mgwirizano. Pokhala ku Geneva, misonkhano yachigawo ya 1949 ndi malamulo awiri omwe adawonjezeredwa mu 1977 ndiwo maziko a lamulo lothandiza anthu panthawi ya nkhondo. Misonkhano ikuluikulu yotsatira ya Geneva mu 1951 ndi 1967 inateteza anthu othawa kwawo.
Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva ya 1949 inatsatira ena atatu omwe anachitika mu 1864, 1906, ndi 1929. Misonkhano ya 1949 inasintha malamulo, malamulo, ndi malonjezo omwe anafika pamisonkhano itatu yoyamba.
Panalidi Misonkhano Yayiyi mu 1949, ndipo yoyamba inapereka ndondomeko yachinayi ku chiyambi cha mgwirizano. Icho chinapereka chitetezo kwa odwala komanso ovulala okha, komanso kwa atsogoleri achipatala komanso ogwira ntchito zachipatala.
Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa 1949 ku Geneva unapereka chitetezo kwa asilikali ogwira ntchito panyanja m'nyengo ya nkhondo, kuphatikizapo zomwe zili pamaselo a chipatala.
Linasintha zinthu zomwe zinaperekedwa mu 1906 Convention ya Hague.
Msonkhano Wachitatu wa 1949 wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa akaidi a nkhondo ndi m'malo mwa akaidi a nkhondo ya 1929. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, chimakhazikitsa malemba kuti malo a malo ogwidwa ndi ukapolo omwe ayenera kusungidwa kumeneko.
Msonkhano wachinayi unapereka chitetezo kwa anthu, kuphatikizapo m'madera omwe ali m'midzi.
Chiwerengero cha 196 "chimachita maphwando" kapena mayiko ena asayina ndi kuvomereza misonkhano ya 1949 pazaka, kuphatikizapo ambiri omwe sanachitepo nawo kapena kulembapo mpaka zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake. Izi zikuphatikizapo Angola, Bangladesh, ndi Iran.
Chithandizo cha Akaidi A Nkhondo (Ndime 60)
Mutu 60 wa Msonkhano wa ku Geneva ndi umodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino, ndipo zimakhudza kulipira kwa akaidi a nkhondo . Ilo limawerengera gawo:
"Mphamvu Yotsutsa idzapatsa onse ogwidwa kunkhondo mwamsanga kulipira, ndalama zomwe zidzasinthidwe ndi kutembenuzidwa, kukhala ndalama za Mphamvuyo, za ndalama zotsatirazi:
Gawo I: Akaidi akulemba pansi pa sergeant: asanu ndi atatu a Swiss francs.
Gawo Lachiwiri: Sergeants ndi akulu ena osatumizidwa, kapena akaidi omwe ali ofanana: khumi ndi awiri Swiss francs.
Gawo Lachitatu: Maofesayo ovomerezeka ndi akuluakulu otumidwa pansi pa udindo wa akulu kapena akaidi omwe ali ofanana nawo: fifit franc francs.
Gawo IV: Akuluakulu, a lieutenant-colonels, colonels kapena akaidi omwe ali ofanana: ma Swiss francs makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
Vesi V: Akuluakulu akuluakulu kapena akaidi omwe ali ofanana ndi awa: makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zisanu (Swiss francs).
Komabe, magulu a mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi nkhondoyi angakhale ndi mgwirizano wapadera kusintha kuchuluka kwa mapepala a kubwezera chifukwa cha akaidi omwe ali m'mbuyo.
Kuwonjezera apo, ngati ndalama zomwe zili mu ndime yoyamba pamwambazi zikanakhala zopambanitsa poyerekeza ndi malipiro a zida zogonjetsa zida zogonjetsa kapena zikanakhala zochititsa manyazi kuti Mgwirizano Wopereka Chigamulo, ndiye kuti, pakutha kwa mgwirizano wapadera ndi Mphamvu zomwe akaidi amakhulupirira zimasiyanasiyana zomwe zili pamwambapa, Mphamvu Yotsutsa:
(a) Adzapitiriza kuthokoza ngongole za akaidi ndi ndalama zomwe zili mu ndime yoyamba pamwambapa;
(b) Mukhoza kuchepetsa kanthawi ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku kupita patsogolo kwa malipiro kwa akaidi a nkhondo chifukwa cha zofuna zawo, kuwerengera zomwe zili zomveka, koma zomwe, pa Gawo I, sichidzakhala pansi poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa Mphamvu yoletsera mamembala ake.
Zifukwa za zopereŵera zilizonse zidzaperekedwa mwamsanga ku Mphamvu yotetezera. "
Kodi Misonkhano Yamayiko a Geneva Imakhalabe Yotsatira Masiku Ano?
Ngakhale kuti mgwirizano womwe unakhazikitsidwa ndi Msonkhano wa Geneva ulipobe lero, zokambirana zinachitika m'zaka zaposachedwa zokhuza kuwatsanso. Funso lovuta kwambiri ndi lakuti ufulu waumphawi umayambidwa ndi Msonkhano wa Geneva kwa akaidi a nkhondo uyenera kukhala wokhudzana ndi zigawenga kapena zigawenga zokayikira.
Atsogoleri a dziko lapansi adakayikira ngati malamulowa, olembedwa pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ndi kusinthidwa pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Vietnam, akugwiritsanso ntchito pa mikangano ya lero, makamaka pambuyo pa zochitika za pa Sept. 11, 2001. Ngati zili choncho, zingatheke bwanji kuti ziwathandize? Kodi ayenela kukonzedwa kuti athetse mavuto atsopano, monga chiwawa?
Nkhani ya Hamdi v. Rumsfield inawonetsa nkhaniyi mu 2004 pamene Hamdi, nzika ya ku United States, akuimbidwa mlandu wouza asilikali a Taliban ku nthaka ya US.
Motero, izi zinamupangitsa kukhala mdani womenyana naye ndipo adamusiya kunja kwa misonkhano ya Geneva. Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States linagamula mosiyana, potsutsana ndi chisankho chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 2001 kuti perezidenti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zonse zoyenera ndi zoyenera kutsutsana ndi dziko lililonse lomwe linagonjetsedwa pa 9/11.
Kuwonjezera apo, Misonkhanoyi imapangitsa kuti onse azitsatira mgwirizanowu kuphatikizapo Afghanistan-kupereka zopereka zonse komanso kuthandizira chitetezo chake. Ayenera kuwatsata pa nthaka yawo. Ikutsalira kuti iwone ngati zowonjezera zowonjezera zidzafikiridwa kuti zithetse nthawi zosinthazi.